svn commit: r44628 - head/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/boot

Dru Lavigne dru at FreeBSD.org
Tue Apr 22 17:49:42 UTC 2014


Author: dru
Date: Tue Apr 22 17:49:42 2014
New Revision: 44628
URL: http://svnweb.freebsd.org/changeset/doc/44628

Log:
  White space fix only. Translators can ignore.
  
  Sponsored by:	iXsystems

Modified:
  head/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/boot/chapter.xml

Modified: head/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/boot/chapter.xml
==============================================================================
--- head/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/boot/chapter.xml	Tue Apr 22 16:40:50 2014	(r44627)
+++ head/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/boot/chapter.xml	Tue Apr 22 17:49:42 2014	(r44628)
@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@
 
     <para>The process of starting a computer and loading the operating
       system is referred to as <quote>the bootstrap process</quote>,
-      or <quote>booting</quote>.  &os;'s boot process provides
-      a great deal of flexibility in customizing what happens when
-      the system starts, including the ability to select from
-      different operating systems installed on the same computer,
-      different versions of the same operating system, or a different
-      installed kernel.</para>
+      or <quote>booting</quote>.  &os;'s boot process provides a great
+      deal of flexibility in customizing what happens when the system
+      starts, including the ability to select from different operating
+      systems installed on the same computer, different versions of
+      the same operating system, or a different installed
+      kernel.</para>
 
     <para>This chapter details the configuration options that can be
       set.  It demonstrates how to customize the &os; boot process,
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
       <listitem>
 	<para>The basics of setting device hints.</para>
       </listitem>
-      
+
       <listitem>
 	<para>How to boot into single- and multi-user mode and how to
 	  properly shut down a &os; system.</para>
@@ -77,13 +77,13 @@
       operating system, and the operating system programs are on the
       disk, how is the operating system started?</para>
 
-    <para>This problem parallels one in the book
-      <citetitle>The Adventures of Baron Munchausen</citetitle>.  A
-      character had fallen part way down a manhole, and pulled himself
-      out by grabbing his bootstraps and lifting.  In the early days
-      of computing the term <firstterm>bootstrap</firstterm> was
-      applied to the mechanism used to load the operating system,
-      which has become shortened to <quote>booting</quote>.</para>
+    <para>This problem parallels one in the book <citetitle>The
+	Adventures of Baron Munchausen</citetitle>.  A character had
+      fallen part way down a manhole, and pulled himself out by
+      grabbing his bootstraps and lifting.  In the early days of
+      computing the term <firstterm>bootstrap</firstterm> was applied
+      to the mechanism used to load the operating system, which has
+      become shortened to <quote>booting</quote>.</para>
 
     <indexterm><primary><acronym>BIOS</acronym></primary></indexterm>
 
@@ -92,15 +92,15 @@
 
     <para>On x86 hardware, the Basic Input/Output System
       (<acronym>BIOS</acronym>) is responsible for loading the
-      operating system.  The <acronym>BIOS</acronym>
-      looks on the hard disk for the Master Boot Record
-      (<acronym>MBR</acronym>), which must be located in a specific
-      place on the disk.  The <acronym>BIOS</acronym> has enough
-      knowledge to load and run the <acronym>MBR</acronym>, and
-      assumes that the <acronym>MBR</acronym> can then carry out the
-      rest of the tasks involved in loading the operating system,
-      possibly with the help of the <acronym>BIOS</acronym>.</para>
-      
+      operating system.  The <acronym>BIOS</acronym> looks on the hard
+      disk for the Master Boot Record (<acronym>MBR</acronym>), which
+      must be located in a specific place on the disk.  The
+      <acronym>BIOS</acronym> has enough knowledge to load and run the
+      <acronym>MBR</acronym>, and assumes that the
+      <acronym>MBR</acronym> can then carry out the rest of the tasks
+      involved in loading the operating system, possibly with the help
+      of the <acronym>BIOS</acronym>.</para>
+
     <note>
       <para>amd64 hardware is backward compatible as it understands
 	<acronym>BIOS</acronym> instructions.  Newer hardware uses
@@ -123,22 +123,21 @@
 
     <para>The code within the <acronym>MBR</acronym> is usually
       referred to as a <emphasis>boot manager</emphasis>, especially
-      when it interacts with the user.  The boot
-      manager usually has more code in the first
-      track of the disk or within the file
-      system.  Examples of boot managers
-      include the standard &os; boot
-      manager <application>boot0</application>, also called
-      <application>Boot Easy</application>, and <application>Grub</application>,
-      which is used by many &linux; distributions.</para>
+      when it interacts with the user.  The boot manager usually has
+      more code in the first track of the disk or within the file
+      system.  Examples of boot managers include the standard &os;
+      boot manager <application>boot0</application>, also called
+      <application>Boot Easy</application>, and
+      <application>Grub</application>, which is used by many &linux;
+      distributions.</para>
 
     <para>If only one operating system is installed, the
       <acronym>MBR</acronym> searches for the first bootable (active)
       slice on the disk, and then runs the code on that slice to load
       the remainder of the operating system.  If multiple operating
-      systems are present, a different boot
-      manager can be installed which displays the list of operating
-      systems so that the user can choose which one to boot.</para>
+      systems are present, a different boot manager can be installed
+      which displays the list of operating systems so that the user
+      can choose which one to boot.</para>
 
     <para>The remainder of the &os; bootstrap system is divided into
       three stages.  The first stage knows just enough to get the
@@ -146,73 +145,73 @@
       second stage can do a little bit more, before running the third
       stage.  The third stage finishes the task of loading the
       operating system.  The work is split into three stages because
-      the <acronym>MBR</acronym> puts limits on the size of the programs that can be
-      run at stages one and two.  Chaining the tasks together allows
-      &os; to provide a more flexible loader.</para>
+      the <acronym>MBR</acronym> puts limits on the size of the
+      programs that can be run at stages one and two.  Chaining the
+      tasks together allows &os; to provide a more flexible
+      loader.</para>
 
     <indexterm><primary>kernel</primary></indexterm>
     <indexterm><primary>&man.init.8;</primary></indexterm>
 
-    <para>The kernel is then started and begins to probe for
-      devices and initialize them for use.  Once the kernel boot
-      process is finished, the kernel passes control to the user
-      process &man.init.8;, which makes sure the disks are in a
-      usable state, starts the user-level resource
-      configuration which mounts file systems, sets up network cards
-      to communicate on the network, and starts the processes which
-      have been configured to run at startup.</para>
-      
-  <para>This section describes these stages in more detail and
-    demonstrates how to interact with the &os; boot process.</para>
-
-  <sect2 xml:id="boot-boot0">
-    <title>The Boot Manager</title>
-
-    <indexterm><primary>Boot Manager</primary></indexterm>
-
-    <indexterm><primary>Master Boot Record
-      (<acronym>MBR</acronym>)</primary></indexterm>
-
-    <para>The boot manager code in the <acronym>MBR</acronym> is
-      sometimes referred to as <emphasis>stage zero</emphasis> of the
-      boot process.  By default, &os; uses the
-      <application>boot0</application> boot manager.</para>
+    <para>The kernel is then started and begins to probe for devices
+      and initialize them for use.  Once the kernel boot process is
+      finished, the kernel passes control to the user process
+      &man.init.8;, which makes sure the disks are in a usable state,
+      starts the user-level resource configuration which mounts file
+      systems, sets up network cards to communicate on the network,
+      and starts the processes which have been configured to run at
+      startup.</para>
+
+    <para>This section describes these stages in more detail and
+      demonstrates how to interact with the &os; boot process.</para>
+
+    <sect2 xml:id="boot-boot0">
+      <title>The Boot Manager</title>
+
+      <indexterm><primary>Boot Manager</primary></indexterm>
+
+      <indexterm><primary>Master Boot Record
+	(<acronym>MBR</acronym>)</primary></indexterm>
+
+      <para>The boot manager code in the <acronym>MBR</acronym> is
+	sometimes referred to as <emphasis>stage zero</emphasis> of
+	the boot process.  By default, &os; uses the
+	<application>boot0</application> boot manager.</para>
 
       <para>The <acronym>MBR</acronym> installed by the &os; installer
-	is based on
-	<filename>/boot/boot0</filename>.  The size and capability of
-	<application>boot0</application> is restricted to 446 bytes
-	due to the slice table and <literal>0x55AA</literal>
-	identifier at the end of the <acronym>MBR</acronym>.  If
-	<application>boot0</application> and multiple operating
-	systems are installed, a message similar to this example will
-	be displayed at boot time:</para>
+	is based on <filename>/boot/boot0</filename>.  The size and
+	capability of <application>boot0</application> is restricted
+	to 446 bytes due to the slice table and
+	<literal>0x55AA</literal> identifier at the end of the
+	<acronym>MBR</acronym>.  If <application>boot0</application>
+	and multiple operating systems are installed, a message
+	similar to this example will be displayed at boot time:</para>
 
-    <example xml:id="boot-boot0-example">
-      <title><filename>boot0</filename> Screenshot</title>
+      <example xml:id="boot-boot0-example">
+	<title><filename>boot0</filename> Screenshot</title>
 
-      <screen>F1 Win
+	<screen>F1 Win
 F2 FreeBSD
 
 Default: F2</screen>
-    </example>
+      </example>
 
-    <para>Other operating systems will
-      overwrite an existing <acronym>MBR</acronym> if they are
-      installed after &os;.  If this happens, or to replace the
-      existing <acronym>MBR</acronym> with the &os;
-      <acronym>MBR</acronym>, use the following command:</para>
-
-    <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>fdisk -B -b /boot/boot0 <replaceable>device</replaceable></userinput></screen>
-
-    <para>where <replaceable>device</replaceable> is the boot disk,
-      such as <filename>ad0</filename> for the first
-      <acronym>IDE</acronym> disk, <filename>ad2</filename> for the
-      first <acronym>IDE</acronym> disk on a second
-      <acronym>IDE</acronym> controller, or <filename>da0</filename>
-      for the first <acronym>SCSI</acronym> disk.  To create a
-      custom configuration of the <acronym>MBR</acronym>, refer to
-      &man.boot0cfg.8;.</para>
+      <para>Other operating systems will overwrite an existing
+	<acronym>MBR</acronym> if they are installed after &os;.  If
+	this happens, or to replace the existing
+	<acronym>MBR</acronym> with the &os; <acronym>MBR</acronym>,
+	use the following command:</para>
+
+      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>fdisk -B -b /boot/boot0 <replaceable>device</replaceable></userinput></screen>
+
+      <para>where <replaceable>device</replaceable> is the boot disk,
+	such as <filename>ad0</filename> for the first
+	<acronym>IDE</acronym> disk, <filename>ad2</filename> for the
+	first <acronym>IDE</acronym> disk on a second
+	<acronym>IDE</acronym> controller, or <filename>da0</filename>
+	for the first <acronym>SCSI</acronym> disk.  To create a
+	custom configuration of the <acronym>MBR</acronym>, refer to
+	&man.boot0cfg.8;.</para>
     </sect2>
 
     <sect2 xml:id="boot-boot1">
@@ -225,25 +224,26 @@ Default: F2</screen>
 	<filename>/boot/boot</filename> by the &os; installer or
 	<command>bsdlabel</command>.</para>
 
-      <para>These two stages are located outside file systems, in the first track
-	of the boot slice, starting with the first sector.  This is
-	where <application>boot0</application>, or any other
+      <para>These two stages are located outside file systems, in the
+	first track of the boot slice, starting with the first sector.
+	This is where <application>boot0</application>, or any other
 	boot manager, expects to find a program to run which will
 	continue the boot process.</para>
 
-      <para>The first stage, <filename>boot1</filename>, is very simple, since it can
-	only be 512 bytes in size.  It knows just enough about the
-	&os; <firstterm>bsdlabel</firstterm>, which stores
-	information about the slice, to find and execute
+      <para>The first stage, <filename>boot1</filename>, is very
+	simple, since it can only be 512 bytes in size.  It knows just
+	enough about the &os; <firstterm>bsdlabel</firstterm>, which
+	stores information about the slice, to find and execute
 	<filename>boot2</filename>.</para>
 
-      <para>Stage two, <filename>boot2</filename>, is slightly more sophisticated,
-	and understands the &os; file system enough to find files.  It
-	can provide a simple interface to choose the kernel or loader
-	to run.  It runs <application>loader</application>, which is much more sophisticated and
-	provides a boot configuration file.  If the boot process is
-	interrupted at stage two, the following interactive screen is
-	displayed:</para>
+      <para>Stage two, <filename>boot2</filename>, is slightly more
+	sophisticated, and understands the &os; file system enough to
+	find files.  It can provide a simple interface to choose the
+	kernel or loader to run.  It runs
+	<application>loader</application>, which is much more
+	sophisticated and provides a boot configuration file.  If the
+	boot process is interrupted at stage two, the following
+	interactive screen is displayed:</para>
 
       <example xml:id="boot-boot2-example">
 	<title><filename>boot2</filename> Screenshot</title>
@@ -253,23 +253,21 @@ Default: 0:ad(0,a)/boot/loader
 boot:</screen>
       </example>
 
-      <para>To replace the installed
-	<filename>boot1</filename> and
+      <para>To replace the installed <filename>boot1</filename> and
 	<filename>boot2</filename>, use <command>bsdlabel</command>,
 	where <replaceable>diskslice</replaceable> is the disk and
-	slice to boot from, such as <filename>ad0s1</filename>
-	for the first slice on the first <acronym>IDE</acronym>
-	disk:</para>
+	slice to boot from, such as <filename>ad0s1</filename> for the
+	first slice on the first <acronym>IDE</acronym> disk:</para>
 
       <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>bsdlabel -B <replaceable>diskslice</replaceable></userinput></screen>
 
       <warning>
 	<para>If just the disk name is used, such as
-	  <filename>ad0</filename>, <command>bsdlabel</command> will create the disk in
-	    <quote>dangerously dedicated mode</quote>, without slices.
-	  This is probably not the desired action, so double check the
-	  <replaceable>diskslice</replaceable>
-	  before pressing
+	  <filename>ad0</filename>, <command>bsdlabel</command> will
+	  create the disk in <quote>dangerously dedicated
+	    mode</quote>, without slices.  This is probably not the
+	  desired action, so double check the
+	  <replaceable>diskslice</replaceable> before pressing
 	  <keycap>Return</keycap>.</para>
       </warning>
     </sect2>
@@ -279,20 +277,21 @@ boot:</screen>
 
       <indexterm><primary>boot-loader</primary></indexterm>
 
-      <para>The <application>loader</application> is the final stage of the three-stage
-	bootstrap process.  It is located on the file system, usually as
+      <para>The <application>loader</application> is the final stage
+	of the three-stage bootstrap process.  It is located on the
+	file system, usually as
 	<filename>/boot/loader</filename>.</para>
 
-      <para>The <application>loader</application> is intended as an interactive method for
-	configuration, using a built-in command set, backed up by a
-	more powerful interpreter which has a more complex command
-	set.</para>
-
-      <para>During initialization, <application>loader</application> will probe for a
-	console and for disks, and figure out which disk it is
-	booting from.  It will set variables accordingly, and an
-	interpreter is started where user commands can be passed from
-	a script or interactively.</para>
+      <para>The <application>loader</application> is intended as an
+	interactive method for configuration, using a built-in command
+	set, backed up by a more powerful interpreter which has a more
+	complex command set.</para>
+
+      <para>During initialization, <application>loader</application>
+	will probe for a console and for disks, and figure out which
+	disk it is booting from.  It will set variables accordingly,
+	and an interpreter is started where user commands can be
+	passed from a script or interactively.</para>
 
       <indexterm><primary>loader</primary></indexterm>
       <indexterm><primary>loader configuration</primary></indexterm>
@@ -306,15 +305,15 @@ boot:</screen>
 	these variables, loading whichever modules and kernel are
 	selected.</para>
 
-      <para>Finally, by default, <application>loader</application> issues a 10 second wait
-	for key presses, and boots the kernel if it is not
-	interrupted.  If interrupted, the user is presented with a
-	prompt which understands the command set, where the user may
-	adjust variables, unload all modules, load modules, and then
-	finally boot or reboot.  <xref
-	  linkend="boot-loader-commands"/> lists the most
-	commonly used <application>loader</application> commands.  For
-	a complete discussion of all available commands, refer to
+      <para>Finally, by default, <application>loader</application>
+	issues a 10 second wait for key presses, and boots the kernel
+	if it is not interrupted.  If interrupted, the user is
+	presented with a prompt which understands the command set,
+	where the user may adjust variables, unload all modules, load
+	modules, and then finally boot or reboot.  <xref
+	  linkend="boot-loader-commands"/> lists the most commonly
+	used <application>loader</application> commands.  For a
+	complete discussion of all available commands, refer to
 	&man.loader.8;.</para>
 
       <table xml:id="boot-loader-commands" frame="none" pgwide="1">
@@ -326,145 +325,142 @@ boot:</screen>
 	      <entry>Variable</entry>
 	      <entry>Description</entry>
 	    </row>
-	  </thead>  
-	  
+	  </thead>
+
 	  <tbody>
 	    <row>
-	      <entry>autoboot <replaceable>seconds</replaceable></entry>
+	      <entry>autoboot
+		<replaceable>seconds</replaceable></entry>
 	      <entry>Proceeds to boot the kernel if not interrupted
 		within the time span given, in seconds.  It displays a
 		countdown, and the default time span is 10
 		seconds.</entry>
 	    </row>
 
-	  <row>
-	    <entry>boot 
-	      <optional><replaceable>-options</replaceable></optional>
-	      <optional><replaceable>kernelname</replaceable></optional></entry>
-	    <entry>Immediately proceeds to boot the kernel, with any
-		specified options or kernel name.  Providing a kernel
-		name on the command-line is only applicable after an
-		<command>unload</command> has been issued.
+	    <row>
+	      <entry>boot
+		<optional><replaceable>-options</replaceable></optional>
+		<optional><replaceable>kernelname</replaceable></optional></entry>
+	      <entry>Immediately proceeds to boot the kernel, with
+		any specified options or kernel name.  Providing a
+		kernel name on the command-line is only applicable
+		after an <command>unload</command> has been issued.
 		Otherwise, the previously-loaded kernel will be
 		used.</entry>
 	    </row>
 
-	  <row>
-	    <entry>boot-conf</entry>
-	    <entry>Goes through the same automatic configuration of
+	    <row>
+	      <entry>boot-conf</entry>
+	      <entry>Goes through the same automatic configuration of
 		modules based on specified variables, most commonly
 		<envar>kernel</envar>.  This only makes sense if
 		<command>unload</command> is used first, before
 		changing some variables.</entry>
 	    </row>
 
-	  <row>
-	    <entry>help
-	      <optional><replaceable>topic</replaceable></optional></entry>
-	    <entry>Shows help messages read from
+	    <row>
+	      <entry>help
+		<optional><replaceable>topic</replaceable></optional></entry>
+	      <entry>Shows help messages read from
 		<filename>/boot/loader.help</filename>.  If the topic
 		given is <literal>index</literal>, the list of
 		available topics is displayed.</entry>
 	    </row>
 
-	  <row>
-	    <entry>include <replaceable>filename</replaceable>
-	      …</entry>
-	    <entry>Reads the specified file and interprets it line by line.  An
-	      error immediately stops the <command>include</command>.</entry>
+	    <row>
+	      <entry>include <replaceable>filename</replaceable>
+		…</entry>
+	      <entry>Reads the specified file and interprets it line
+		by line.  An error immediately stops the
+		<command>include</command>.</entry>
 	    </row>
 
-	  <row>
-	    <entry>load <optional>-t
-	      <replaceable>type</replaceable></optional>
-	      <replaceable>filename</replaceable></entry>
-	    <entry>Loads the kernel, kernel module, or file of the
+	    <row>
+	      <entry>load <optional>-t
+		  <replaceable>type</replaceable></optional>
+		<replaceable>filename</replaceable></entry>
+	      <entry>Loads the kernel, kernel module, or file of the
 		type given, with the specified filename.  Any
 		arguments after <replaceable>filename</replaceable>
 		are passed to the file.</entry>
 	    </row>
 
-	  <row>
-	    <entry>ls <optional>-l</optional>
-	      <optional><replaceable>path</replaceable></optional></entry>
-	    <entry>Displays a listing of files in the given path, or
+	    <row>
+	      <entry>ls <optional>-l</optional>
+		<optional><replaceable>path</replaceable></optional></entry>
+	      <entry>Displays a listing of files in the given path, or
 		the root directory, if the path is not specified.  If
 		<option>-l</option> is specified, file sizes will
 		also be shown.</entry>
 	    </row>
 
-	  <row>
-	    <entry>lsdev
-	      <optional>-v</optional></entry>
-	    <entry>Lists all of the devices from which it may be
+	    <row>
+	      <entry>lsdev <optional>-v</optional></entry>
+	      <entry>Lists all of the devices from which it may be
 		possible to load modules.  If <option>-v</option> is
 		specified, more details are printed.</entry>
 	    </row>
 
-	  <row>
-	    <entry>lsmod
-	      <optional>-v</optional></entry>
-	    <entry>Displays loaded modules.  If <option>-v</option>
+	    <row>
+	      <entry>lsmod <optional>-v</optional></entry>
+	      <entry>Displays loaded modules.  If <option>-v</option>
 		is specified, more details are shown.</entry>
 	    </row>
 
-	  <row>
-	    <entry>more <replaceable>filename</replaceable></entry>
-	    <entry>Displays the files specified, with a pause at each
-		<varname>LINES</varname> displayed.</entry>
-	    </row>
-
-	  <row>
-	    <entry>reboot</entry>
-	    <entry>Immediately reboots the system.</entry>
-	    </row>
-
-	  <row>
-	    <entry>set <replaceable>variable</replaceable>, set
-	      <replaceable>variable</replaceable>=<replaceable>value</replaceable></entry>
-	    <entry>Sets the specified environment variables.</entry>
-	  </row>
-
-	  <row>
-	    <entry>unload</entry>
-	    <entry>Removes all loaded modules.</entry>
+	    <row>
+	      <entry>more <replaceable>filename</replaceable></entry>
+	      <entry>Displays the files specified, with a pause at
+		each <varname>LINES</varname> displayed.</entry>
+	    </row>
+
+	    <row>
+	      <entry>reboot</entry>
+	      <entry>Immediately reboots the system.</entry>
+	    </row>
+
+	    <row>
+	      <entry>set <replaceable>variable</replaceable>, set
+		<replaceable>variable</replaceable>=<replaceable>value</replaceable></entry>
+	      <entry>Sets the specified environment variables.</entry>
+	    </row>
+
+	    <row>
+	      <entry>unload</entry>
+	      <entry>Removes all loaded modules.</entry>
 	    </row>
 	  </tbody>
 	</tgroup>
-	</table>
+      </table>
 
-	<para>Here are some practical examples of
-	  loader usage.  To boot the usual kernel in single-user
-	      mode<indexterm><primary>single-user
-		  mode</primary></indexterm>:</para>
+      <para>Here are some practical examples of loader usage.  To boot
+	the usual kernel in single-user mode
+	<indexterm><primary>single-user
+	  mode</primary></indexterm>:</para>
 
-	    <screen><userinput>boot -s</userinput></screen>
+      <screen><userinput>boot -s</userinput></screen>
 
-	    <para>To unload the usual kernel and modules and then
-	      load the previous or another, specified kernel:</para>
+      <para>To unload the usual kernel and modules and then load the
+	previous or another, specified kernel:</para>
 
-	    <screen><userinput>unload</userinput>
+      <screen><userinput>unload</userinput>
 <userinput>load <replaceable>kernel.old</replaceable></userinput></screen>
 
-	    <para>Use <filename>kernel.GENERIC</filename> to refer to
-	      the default kernel that comes with an installation, or
-	      <filename>kernel.old</filename><indexterm>
-	      <primary><filename>kernel.old</filename></primary></indexterm>
-	      to refer to the previously installed kernel before a
-	      system upgrade or before configuring a custom
-	      kernel.</para>
+      <para>Use <filename>kernel.GENERIC</filename> to refer to the
+	default kernel that comes with an installation, or
+	<filename>kernel.old</filename><indexterm><primary><filename>kernel.old</filename></primary></indexterm>
+	 to refer to the previously installed kernel before a system
+	 upgrade or before configuring a custom kernel.</para>
 
-	      <para>Use the following to load the usual modules with
-		another kernel:</para>
+      <para>Use the following to load the usual modules with another
+	kernel:</para>
 
-	      <screen><userinput>unload</userinput>
+      <screen><userinput>unload</userinput>
 <userinput>set kernel="<replaceable>kernel.old</replaceable>"</userinput>
 <userinput>boot-conf</userinput></screen>
 
-	    <para>To load an automated kernel configuration
-	      script:</para>
+      <para>To load an automated kernel configuration script:</para>
 
-	    <screen><userinput>load -t userconfig_script <replaceable>/boot/kernel.conf</replaceable></userinput></screen>
+      <screen><userinput>load -t userconfig_script <replaceable>/boot/kernel.conf</replaceable></userinput></screen>
 
       <indexterm>
 	<primary>kernel</primary>
@@ -472,163 +468,168 @@ boot:</screen>
       </indexterm>
     </sect2>
 
-  <sect2 xml:id="boot-init">
-    <title>Last Stage</title>
+    <sect2 xml:id="boot-init">
+      <title>Last Stage</title>
 
-    <indexterm>
-      <primary>&man.init.8;</primary>
-    </indexterm>
-      <para>Once the kernel is loaded by either <application>loader</application> or
-	by <application>boot2</application>, which bypasses
-	<application>loader</application>, it examines any boot
-	flags and adjusts its behavior as necessary.  <xref
+      <indexterm>
+	<primary>&man.init.8;</primary>
+      </indexterm>
+
+      <para>Once the kernel is loaded by either
+	<application>loader</application> or by
+	<application>boot2</application>, which bypasses
+	<application>loader</application>, it examines any boot flags
+	and adjusts its behavior as necessary.  <xref
 	  linkend="boot-kernel"/> lists the commonly used boot flags.
-	Refer to &man.boot.8; for more information on the other
-	  boot flags.</para>
+	Refer to &man.boot.8; for more information on the other boot
+	flags.</para>
 
       <indexterm>
 	<primary>kernel</primary>
 	<secondary>bootflags</secondary>
       </indexterm>
 
-    <table xml:id="boot-kernel" frame="none" pgwide="1">
-      <title>Kernel Interaction During Boot</title>
+      <table xml:id="boot-kernel" frame="none" pgwide="1">
+	<title>Kernel Interaction During Boot</title>
 
-      <tgroup cols="2">
-	<thead>
-	  <row>
-	    <entry>Option</entry>
-	    <entry>Description</entry>
-	  </row>
-	</thead> 
-
-	<tbody>
-	  <row>
-	    <entry><option>-a</option></entry>
-	  <entry>During kernel initialization, ask for the device
-	      to mount as the root file system.</entry>
-	  </row>
-
-	<row>
-	  <entry><option>-C</option></entry>
-	  <entry>Boot the root file system from a <acronym>CDROM</acronym>.</entry>
-	  </row>
-
-	<row>
-	  <entry><option>-s</option></entry>
-	  <entry>Boot into single-user mode.</entry>
-	  </row>
-
-	<row>
-	  <entry><option>-v</option></entry>
-	  <entry>Be more verbose during kernel startup.</entry>
-	  </row>
-	</tbody>
-      </tgroup>
-    </table>
-
-    <para>Once the kernel has finished booting, it passes control to
-      the user process &man.init.8;, which is located at
-      <filename>/sbin/init</filename>, or the program path specified
-      in the <envar>init_path</envar> variable in
-      <command>loader</command>.  This is the last stage of the boot
-      process.</para>
+	<tgroup cols="2">
+	  <thead>
+	    <row>
+	      <entry>Option</entry>
+	      <entry>Description</entry>
+	    </row>
+	  </thead>
 
-    <para>The boot sequence makes sure that the file systems available
-      on the system are consistent.  If a <acronym>UFS</acronym> file
-      system is not, and <command>fsck</command>
-      cannot fix the inconsistencies,
-      <application>init</application> drops the system into single-user mode so that the
-      system administrator can resolve the problem directly.  Otherwise,
-      the system boots into multi-user mode.</para>
-
-    <sect3 xml:id="boot-singleuser">
-      <title>Single-User Mode</title>
-
-      <indexterm><primary>single-user mode</primary></indexterm>
-      <indexterm><primary>console</primary></indexterm>
-
-      <para>A user can specify this mode by
-	booting with <option>-s</option>, or by
-	setting the <envar>boot_ single</envar> variable in
-	<application>loader</application>.  It can also be reached by
-	running <command>shutdown now</command> from
-	multi-user mode.  Single-user mode begins with this message:</para>
+	  <tbody>
+	    <row>
+	      <entry><option>-a</option></entry>
+	      <entry>During kernel initialization, ask for the device
+		to mount as the root file system.</entry>
+	    </row>
+
+	    <row>
+	      <entry><option>-C</option></entry>
+	      <entry>Boot the root file system from a
+		<acronym>CDROM</acronym>.</entry>
+	    </row>
+
+	    <row>
+	      <entry><option>-s</option></entry>
+	      <entry>Boot into single-user mode.</entry>
+	    </row>
+
+	    <row>
+	      <entry><option>-v</option></entry>
+	      <entry>Be more verbose during kernel startup.</entry>
+	    </row>
+	  </tbody>
+	</tgroup>
+      </table>
+
+      <para>Once the kernel has finished booting, it passes control to
+	the user process &man.init.8;, which is located at
+	<filename>/sbin/init</filename>, or the program path specified
+	in the <envar>init_path</envar> variable in
+	<command>loader</command>.  This is the last stage of the boot
+	process.</para>
+
+      <para>The boot sequence makes sure that the file systems
+	available on the system are consistent.  If a
+	<acronym>UFS</acronym> file system is not, and
+	<command>fsck</command> cannot fix the inconsistencies,
+	<application>init</application> drops the system into
+	single-user mode so that the system administrator can resolve
+	the problem directly.  Otherwise, the system boots into
+	multi-user mode.</para>
+
+      <sect3 xml:id="boot-singleuser">
+	<title>Single-User Mode</title>
+
+	<indexterm><primary>single-user mode</primary></indexterm>
+	<indexterm><primary>console</primary></indexterm>
+
+	<para>A user can specify this mode by booting with
+	  <option>-s</option>, or by setting the <envar>boot
+	  _ single</envar> variable in
+	  <application>loader</application>.  It can also be reached
+	  by running <command>shutdown now</command> from multi-user
+	  mode.  Single-user mode begins with this message:</para>
 
 	<programlisting>Enter full pathname of shell or RETURN for /bin/sh:</programlisting>
 
-      <para>If the user presses <keycap>Enter</keycap>, the system
-	will enter the default Bourne shell.  To specify a different
-	shell, input the full path to the shell.</para>
-
-      <para>Single-user mode is usually used to repair a system that will not
-	boot due to an inconsistent file system or an error in a boot
-	configuration file.  It can also be used to reset the
-	<systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> password when
-	it is unknown.  These actions are possible as the single-user
-	mode prompt gives full, local access to the system and its
-	configuration files.  There is no networking in this mode.</para>
-
-      <para>While single-user mode is useful for repairing a system,
-	it poses a security risk unless the system is in a physically
-	secure location.  By default, any user who can gain physical
-	access to a system will have full control of that system after
-	booting into single-user mode.</para>
-
-      <para>If the system <literal>console</literal> is changed to
-	<literal>insecure</literal> in <filename>/etc/ttys</filename>,
-	the system will first prompt for the <systemitem
-	  class="username">root</systemitem> password before
-	initiating single-user mode.  This adds a measure of security
-	while removing the ability to reset the <systemitem
-	  class="username">root</systemitem> password when it is
-	unknown.</para>
-
-      <example xml:id="boot-insecure-console">
-	<title>Configuring an Insecure Console in
-	  <filename>/etc/ttys</filename></title>
+	<para>If the user presses <keycap>Enter</keycap>, the system
+	  will enter the default Bourne shell.  To specify a different
+	  shell, input the full path to the shell.</para>
+
+	<para>Single-user mode is usually used to repair a system that
+	  will not boot due to an inconsistent file system or an error
+	  in a boot configuration file.  It can also be used to reset
+	  the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> password
+	  when it is unknown.  These actions are possible as the
+	  single-user mode prompt gives full, local access to the
+	  system and its configuration files.  There is no networking
+	  in this mode.</para>
+
+	<para>While single-user mode is useful for repairing a system,
+	  it poses a security risk unless the system is in a
+	  physically secure location.  By default, any user who can
+	  gain physical access to a system will have full control of
+	  that system after booting into single-user mode.</para>
+
+	<para>If the system <literal>console</literal> is changed to
+	  <literal>insecure</literal> in
+	  <filename>/etc/ttys</filename>, the system will first prompt
+	  for the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>
+	  password before initiating single-user mode.  This adds a
+	  measure of security while removing the ability to reset the
+	  <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> password when
+	  it is unknown.</para>
+
+	<example xml:id="boot-insecure-console">
+	  <title>Configuring an Insecure Console in
+	    <filename>/etc/ttys</filename></title>
 
-	<programlisting># name  getty                           type    status          comments
+	  <programlisting># name  getty                           type    status          comments
 #
 # If console is marked "insecure", then init will ask for the root password
 # when going to single-user mode.
 console none                            unknown off <replaceable>insecure</replaceable></programlisting>
-      </example>
+	</example>
 
 	<para>An <literal>insecure</literal> console means that
 	  physical security to the console is considered to be
 	  insecure, so only someone who knows the <systemitem
 	    class="username">root</systemitem> password may use
 	  single-user mode.</para>
-    </sect3>
+      </sect3>
 
-    <sect3 xml:id="boot-multiuser">
-      <title>Multi-User Mode</title>
+      <sect3 xml:id="boot-multiuser">
+	<title>Multi-User Mode</title>
 
-      <indexterm><primary>multi-user mode</primary></indexterm>
+	<indexterm><primary>multi-user mode</primary></indexterm>
 
-      <para>If <application>init</application> finds the file systems to be in order, or
-	once the user has finished their commands in single-user mode
-	and has typed <command>exit</command> to leave single-user mode,
-	the system enters
-	multi-user mode, in which it starts the resource configuration
-	of the system.</para>
-
-      <indexterm><primary>rc files</primary></indexterm>
-
-      <para>The resource configuration system reads in configuration
-	defaults from <filename>/etc/defaults/rc.conf</filename> and
-	system-specific details from
-	<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>.  It then proceeds to mount
-	the system file systems listed in
-	<filename>/etc/fstab</filename>.  It starts up networking
-	services, miscellaneous system daemons, then the startup
-	scripts of locally installed packages.</para>
-
-      <para>To learn more about the resource configuration system,
-	refer to &man.rc.8; and examine the scripts located in
-	<filename>/etc/rc.d</filename>.</para>
-    </sect3>
+	<para>If <application>init</application> finds the file
+	  systems to be in order, or once the user has finished their
+	  commands in single-user mode and has typed
+	  <command>exit</command> to leave single-user mode, the
+	  system enters multi-user mode, in which it starts the
+	  resource configuration of the system.</para>
+
+	<indexterm><primary>rc files</primary></indexterm>
+
+	<para>The resource configuration system reads in configuration
+	  defaults from <filename>/etc/defaults/rc.conf</filename> and
+	  system-specific details from
+	  <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>.  It then proceeds to
+	  mount the system file systems listed in
+	  <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>.  It starts up networking
+	  services, miscellaneous system daemons, then the startup
+	  scripts of locally installed packages.</para>
+
+	<para>To learn more about the resource configuration system,
+	  refer to &man.rc.8; and examine the scripts located in
+	  <filename>/etc/rc.d</filename>.</para>
+      </sect3>
     </sect2>
   </sect1>
 <!--
@@ -638,9 +639,9 @@ console none                            
       <para> </para>
     </sect2> -->
 
-    <sect1 xml:id="boot-splash">
-      <info>
-      <title>Configuring Boot Time Splash Screens</title>
+  <sect1 xml:id="boot-splash">
+    <info>
+    <title>Configuring Boot Time Splash Screens</title>
 
 	  <authorgroup>
 	    <author>
@@ -653,122 +654,117 @@ console none                            
 	  </authorgroup>
       </info>
 
-      <para>Typically when a &os; system boots, it displays its
-	progress as a series of messages at the console. A boot splash
-	screen creates an alternate boot screen that
-	hides all of the boot probe and service
-	startup messages.  A few boot loader messages, including the boot options
-	menu and a timed wait countdown prompt, are displayed at
-	boot time, even when the splash screen is enabled.  The display of the splash screen
-	can be turned off by hitting any
-	key on the keyboard during the boot process.</para>
-
-      <para>There are two basic environments available in &os;.  The
-	first is the default legacy virtual console command line
-	environment.  After the system finishes booting, a console
-	login prompt is presented.  The second environment is a configured
-	graphical environment.  Refer to <xref linkend="x11"/>
-	for more information on how to install
-	and configure a graphical display manager and a graphical
-	login manager.</para>
-
-      <para>Once the system has booted, the splash screen defaults to being a screen saver.
-	After a time period of non-use, the splash screen
-	will display and will cycle through steps of changing
-	intensity of the image, from bright to very dark and over
-	again.  The configuration of the splash screen saver can be
-	overridden by adding a <literal>saver=</literal> line to
-	<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>.  Several built-in screen
-	savers are available and described in &man.splash.4;.  The
-	<literal>saver=</literal> option only applies to virtual
-	consoles and has no effect on graphical display
-	managers.</para>
-
-      <para>Sample splash screen files can be downloaded from the
-	gallery at <link
-	  xlink:href="http://artwork.freebsdgr.org/node/3/">http://artwork.freebsdgr.org</link>.
-	By installing the
-	<package>sysutils/bsd-splash-changer</package> package or port, a random splash
-	image from a collection will display at
-	boot.</para>
-
-      <para>The splash screen function supports 256-colors in the
-	bitmap (<filename>.bmp</filename>), ZSoft
-	<acronym>PCX</acronym> (<filename>.pcx</filename>), or
-	TheDraw (<filename>.bin</filename>) formats.  The <filename>.bmp</filename>,
-	<filename>.pcx</filename>, or <filename>.bin</filename> image
-	has to be placed on the root partition, for example in
-	<filename>/boot</filename>.  The splash image
-	files must have a resolution of 320 by 200 pixels or less in
-	order to work on standard <acronym>VGA</acronym> adapters.
-	For the default boot display resolution of 256-colors and
-	320 by 200 pixels or less, add the following lines to
-	<filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>.
-	Replace <replaceable>splash.bmp</replaceable> with the name of
-	the bitmap file to use:</para>
+    <para>Typically when a &os; system boots, it displays its progress
+      as a series of messages at the console.  A boot splash screen
+      creates an alternate boot screen that hides all of the boot
+      probe and service startup messages.  A few boot loader messages,
+      including the boot options menu and a timed wait countdown
+      prompt, are displayed at boot time, even when the splash screen
+      is enabled.  The display of the splash screen can be turned off
+      by hitting any key on the keyboard during the boot
+      process.</para>
+
+    <para>There are two basic environments available in &os;.  The
+      first is the default legacy virtual console command line
+      environment.  After the system finishes booting, a console login
+      prompt is presented.  The second environment is a configured
+      graphical environment.  Refer to <xref linkend="x11"/> for more
+      information on how to install and configure a graphical display
+      manager and a graphical login manager.</para>
+
+    <para>Once the system has booted, the splash screen defaults to
+      being a screen saver.  After a time period of non-use, the
+      splash screen will display and will cycle through steps of
+      changing intensity of the image, from bright to very dark and
+      over again.  The configuration of the splash screen saver can be
+      overridden by adding a <literal>saver=</literal> line to
+      <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>.  Several built-in screen
+      savers are available and described in &man.splash.4;.  The
+      <literal>saver=</literal> option only applies to virtual
+      consoles and has no effect on graphical display managers.</para>
+
+    <para>Sample splash screen files can be downloaded from the
+      gallery at <link
+	xlink:href="http://artwork.freebsdgr.org/node/3/">http://artwork.freebsdgr.org</link>.
+      By installing the <package>sysutils/bsd-splash-changer</package>
+      package or port, a random splash image from a collection will
+      display at boot.</para>
+

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