9.2-RELEASE kernel ignores MBR on boot disk
Scott Bennett
bennett at sdf.org
Sun Jan 12 09:16:14 UTC 2014
I have been trying to upgrade my long out-of-date 8.2-STABLE system to
9.2-RELEASE from source. My configuration has a Core 2 Quad (Q6600) CPU,
a 1 TB internal SATA drive, and five external drives (none larger than 2 TB)
connected variously via USB 2.0, USB 3.0, and Firewire 400. All disks are
partitioned via MBR.
After running "make installkernel KERNCONF=hellas", I rebooted. The
loader ran as usual and loaded the new, 9.2-RELEASE custom-configured kernel.
Kernel initialization proceeded normally all the way up until the point when
the root file system should get mounted, whereupon everything stops with
console messages, saying that the device listed in /etc/fstab--I tried it
both as /dev/ad0s1a and as /dev/ada0s1a--for the root file system does not
exist or cannot be found. The messages provide a list of potential device
nodes from which a selection is demanded to be used to try to mount the root
file system. The list mainly consists of nodes for all of the bare disk
drives, nodes for all of the slices on the external drives, and all partitions
appearing in bsdlabels on those slices. No slices or partitions are listed
for the internal hard drive, only ada0.
Using a standalone system on a flash drive to rename /boot/kernel out of
the way and /boot/kernel.old back to /boot/kernel, followed by a reboot from
the internal hard drive, put the 8.2-STABLE kernel back into operation with
no trouble. I do not have the boot messages from the 9.2-RELEASE kernel to
post here because they couldn't be saved with no file systems mounted at the
time, but the 8.2-STABLE dmesg output follows below to show that 8.2-STABLE
does handle the MBR on the boot drive correctly.
Does 9.2-RELEASE have some undocumented requirement regarding MBR and
boot drives? Do I have to convert the boot disk to GPT? (I surely hope not
because such a requirement would likely mean I would not be able to use
FreeBSD on another machine I hope to begin using fairly soon.) I did search
the mailing list archives a bit for any other reports of a problem like this,
but came up empty-handed. Any help to get past this holdup would be greatly
appreciated.
-----------------------start of dmesg output-------------------------
Copyright (c) 1992-2012 The FreeBSD Project.
Copyright (c) 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994
The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
FreeBSD is a registered trademark of The FreeBSD Foundation.
FreeBSD 8.2-STABLE #7: Tue Jan 17 11:20:09 CST 2012
bennett at hellas:/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/hellas i386
Timecounter "i8254" frequency 1193182 Hz quality 0
CPU: Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Quad CPU Q6600 @ 2.40GHz (2399.98-MHz 686-class CPU)
Origin = "GenuineIntel" Id = 0x6fb Family = 6 Model = f Stepping = 11
Features=0xbfebfbff<FPU,VME,DE,PSE,TSC,MSR,PAE,MCE,CX8,APIC,SEP,MTRR,PGE,MCA,CMOV,PAT,PSE36,CLFLUSH,DTS,ACPI,MMX,FXSR,SSE,SSE2,SS,HTT,TM,PBE>
Features2=0xe3bd<SSE3,DTES64,MON,DS_CPL,VMX,EST,TM2,SSSE3,CX16,xTPR,PDCM>
AMD Features=0x20100000<NX,LM>
AMD Features2=0x1<LAHF>
TSC: P-state invariant
real memory = 4294967296 (4096 MB)
avail memory = 3139919872 (2994 MB)
ACPI APIC Table: <GBT GBTUACPI>
FreeBSD/SMP: Multiprocessor System Detected: 4 CPUs
FreeBSD/SMP: 1 package(s) x 4 core(s)
cpu0 (BSP): APIC ID: 0
cpu1 (AP): APIC ID: 1
cpu2 (AP): APIC ID: 2
cpu3 (AP): APIC ID: 3
ioapic0: Changing APIC ID to 2
ioapic0 <Version 2.0> irqs 0-23 on motherboard
kbd1 at kbdmux0
cryptosoft0: <software crypto> on motherboard
acpi0: <GBT GBTUACPI> on motherboard
acpi0: [ITHREAD]
acpi0: Power Button (fixed)
acpi0: reservation of 0, a0000 (3) failed
acpi0: reservation of 100000, bfde0000 (3) failed
Timecounter "ACPI-fast" frequency 3579545 Hz quality 1000
acpi_timer0: <24-bit timer at 3.579545MHz> port 0x408-0x40b on acpi0
cpu0: <ACPI CPU> on acpi0
ACPI Warning: Incorrect checksum in table [TAMG] - 0xA4, should be 0xA3 (20101013/tbutils-354)
cpu1: <ACPI CPU> on acpi0
cpu2: <ACPI CPU> on acpi0
cpu3: <ACPI CPU> on acpi0
acpi_button0: <Power Button> on acpi0
pcib0: <ACPI Host-PCI bridge> port 0xcf8-0xcff on acpi0
pci0: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib0
pcib1: <PCI-PCI bridge> irq 16 at device 1.0 on pci0
pci1: <PCI bus> on pcib1
vgapci0: <VGA-compatible display> port 0xcf00-0xcf7f mem 0xfb000000-0xfbffffff,0xc0000000-0xcfffffff,0xde000000-0xdfffffff irq 16 at device 0.0 on pci1
pci1: <multimedia, HDA> at device 0.1 (no driver attached)
pci0: <multimedia, HDA> at device 27.0 (no driver attached)
pcib2: <ACPI PCI-PCI bridge> irq 16 at device 28.0 on pci0
pci2: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib2
xhci0: <XHCI (generic) USB 3.0 controller> mem 0xfdcfe000-0xfdcfffff irq 16 at device 0.0 on pci2
xhci0: [ITHREAD]
xhci0: 32 byte context size.
usbus0 on xhci0
pcib3: <ACPI PCI-PCI bridge> irq 17 at device 28.1 on pci0
pci3: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib3
re0: <RealTek 8168/8111 B/C/CP/D/DP/E/F PCIe Gigabit Ethernet> port 0xbe00-0xbeff mem 0xfddff000-0xfddfffff,0xfddf8000-0xfddfbfff irq 17 at device 0.0 on pci3
re0: Using 1 MSI-X message
re0: Chip rev. 0x2c000000
re0: MAC rev. 0x00000000
miibus0: <MII bus> on re0
rgephy0: <RTL8169S/8110S/8211B media interface> PHY 1 on miibus0
rgephy0: none, 10baseT, 10baseT-FDX, 10baseT-FDX-flow, 100baseTX, 100baseTX-FDX, 100baseTX-FDX-flow, 1000baseT, 1000baseT-master, 1000baseT-FDX, 1000baseT-FDX-master, 1000baseT-FDX-flow, 1000baseT-FDX-flow-master, auto, auto-flow
re0: Ethernet address: 6c:f0:49:c9:66:a9
re0: [ITHREAD]
uhci0: <Intel 82801G (ICH7) USB controller USB-A> port 0xff00-0xff1f irq 23 at device 29.0 on pci0
uhci0: [ITHREAD]
usbus1: <Intel 82801G (ICH7) USB controller USB-A> on uhci0
uhci1: <Intel 82801G (ICH7) USB controller USB-B> port 0xfe00-0xfe1f irq 19 at device 29.1 on pci0
uhci1: [ITHREAD]
usbus2: <Intel 82801G (ICH7) USB controller USB-B> on uhci1
uhci2: <Intel 82801G (ICH7) USB controller USB-C> port 0xfd00-0xfd1f irq 18 at device 29.2 on pci0
uhci2: [ITHREAD]
usbus3: <Intel 82801G (ICH7) USB controller USB-C> on uhci2
uhci3: <Intel 82801G (ICH7) USB controller USB-D> port 0xfc00-0xfc1f irq 16 at device 29.3 on pci0
uhci3: [ITHREAD]
usbus4: <Intel 82801G (ICH7) USB controller USB-D> on uhci3
ehci0: <Intel 82801GB/R (ICH7) USB 2.0 controller> mem 0xfdfff000-0xfdfff3ff irq 23 at device 29.7 on pci0
ehci0: [ITHREAD]
usbus5: EHCI version 1.0
usbus5: <Intel 82801GB/R (ICH7) USB 2.0 controller> on ehci0
pcib4: <ACPI PCI-PCI bridge> at device 30.0 on pci0
pci4: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib4
fwohci0: <VIA Fire II (VT6306)> port 0xdf00-0xdf7f mem 0xfdeff000-0xfdeff7ff irq 20 at device 0.0 on pci4
fwohci0: [ITHREAD]
fwohci0: OHCI version 1.0 (ROM=1)
fwohci0: No. of Isochronous channels is 4.
fwohci0: EUI64 00:11:06:66:45:66:5a:b7
fwohci0: Phy 1394a available S400, 3 ports.
fwohci0: Link S400, max_rec 2048 bytes.
firewire0: <IEEE1394(FireWire) bus> on fwohci0
fwe0: <Ethernet over FireWire> on firewire0
if_fwe0: Fake Ethernet address: 02:11:06:66:5a:b7
fwe0: Ethernet address: 02:11:06:66:5a:b7
fwip0: <IP over FireWire> on firewire0
fwip0: Firewire address: 00:11:06:66:45:66:5a:b7 @ 0xfffe00000000, S400, maxrec 2048
sbp0: <SBP-2/SCSI over FireWire> on firewire0
dcons_crom0: <dcons configuration ROM> on firewire0
dcons_crom0: bus_addr 0x14fc000
fwohci0: Initiate bus reset
fwohci0: fwohci_intr_core: BUS reset
fwohci0: fwohci_intr_core: node_id=0x00000001, SelfID Count=1, CYCLEMASTER mode
isab0: <PCI-ISA bridge> at device 31.0 on pci0
isa0: <ISA bus> on isab0
atapci0: <Intel ICH7 SATA300 controller> port 0x1f0-0x1f7,0x3f6,0x170-0x177,0x376,0xf900-0xf90f at device 31.2 on pci0
ata0: <ATA channel> at channel 0 on atapci0
ata0: [ITHREAD]
ata1: <ATA channel> at channel 1 on atapci0
ata1: [ITHREAD]
pci0: <serial bus, SMBus> at device 31.3 (no driver attached)
acpi_hpet0: <High Precision Event Timer> iomem 0xfed00000-0xfed003ff irq 0,8 on acpi0
Timecounter "HPET" frequency 14318180 Hz quality 900
atrtc0: <AT realtime clock> port 0x70-0x73 on acpi0
uart0: <16550 or compatible> port 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 flags 0x10 on acpi0
uart0: [FILTER]
uart1: <16550 or compatible> port 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on acpi0
uart1: [FILTER]
ppc0: <Parallel port> port 0x378-0x37f irq 7 on acpi0
ppc0: Generic chipset (NIBBLE-only) in COMPATIBLE mode
ppc0: [ITHREAD]
ppbus0: <Parallel port bus> on ppc0
ppi0: <Parallel I/O> on ppbus0
plip0: <PLIP network interface> on ppbus0
plip0: [ITHREAD]
lpt0: <Printer> on ppbus0
lpt0: [ITHREAD]
lpt0: Interrupt-driven port
atkbdc0: <Keyboard controller (i8042)> port 0x60,0x64 irq 1 on acpi0
atkbd0: <AT Keyboard> irq 1 on atkbdc0
kbd0 at atkbd0
atkbd0: [GIANT-LOCKED]
atkbd0: [ITHREAD]
pmtimer0 on isa0
sc0: <System console> at flags 0x100 on isa0
sc0: VGA <16 virtual consoles, flags=0x300>
vga0: <Generic ISA VGA> at port 0x3c0-0x3df iomem 0xa0000-0xbffff on isa0
acpi_perf0: <ACPI CPU Frequency Control> on cpu0
coretemp0: <CPU On-Die Thermal Sensors> on cpu0
p4tcc0: <CPU Frequency Thermal Control> on cpu0
coretemp1: <CPU On-Die Thermal Sensors> on cpu1
est1: <Enhanced SpeedStep Frequency Control> on cpu1
est: CPU supports Enhanced Speedstep, but is not recognized.
est: cpu_vendor GenuineIntel, msr 928092806000928
device_attach: est1 attach returned 6
p4tcc1: <CPU Frequency Thermal Control> on cpu1
coretemp2: <CPU On-Die Thermal Sensors> on cpu2
est2: <Enhanced SpeedStep Frequency Control> on cpu2
est: CPU supports Enhanced Speedstep, but is not recognized.
est: cpu_vendor GenuineIntel, msr 928092806000928
device_attach: est2 attach returned 6
p4tcc2: <CPU Frequency Thermal Control> on cpu2
coretemp3: <CPU On-Die Thermal Sensors> on cpu3
est3: <Enhanced SpeedStep Frequency Control> on cpu3
est: CPU supports Enhanced Speedstep, but is not recognized.
est: cpu_vendor GenuineIntel, msr 928092806000928
device_attach: est3 attach returned 6
p4tcc3: <CPU Frequency Thermal Control> on cpu3
Timecounters tick every 1.000 msec
firewire0: 2 nodes, maxhop <= 1 cable IRM irm(1) (me)
firewire0: bus manager 1
IPsec: Initialized Security Association Processing.
usbus0: 5.0Gbps Super Speed USB v3.0
usbus1: 12Mbps Full Speed USB v1.0
usbus2: 12Mbps Full Speed USB v1.0
usbus3: 12Mbps Full Speed USB v1.0
usbus4: 12Mbps Full Speed USB v1.0
usbus5: 480Mbps High Speed USB v2.0
ad0: 953869MB <ST1000DM003 9YN162 CC4H> at ata0-master UDMA100 SATA
ugen0.1: <0x1033> at usbus0
uhub0: <0x1033 XHCI root HUB, class 9/0, rev 3.00/1.00, addr 1> on usbus0
ugen1.1: <Intel> at usbus1
uhub1: <Intel UHCI root HUB, class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr 1> on usbus1
ugen2.1: <Intel> at usbus2
uhub2: <Intel UHCI root HUB, class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr 1> on usbus2
ugen3.1: <Intel> at usbus3
uhub3: <Intel UHCI root HUB, class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr 1> on usbus3
ugen4.1: <Intel> at usbus4
uhub4: <Intel UHCI root HUB, class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr 1> on usbus4
ugen5.1: <Intel> at usbus5
uhub5: <Intel EHCI root HUB, class 9/0, rev 2.00/1.00, addr 1> on usbus5
acd0: DVDR <ASUS DRW-24B1ST c/1.05> at ata1-master UDMA100 SATA
firewire0: New S800 device ID:0030e009e0030658
sbp0: sbp_show_sdev_info: sbp0:0:0: ordered:1 type:14 EUI:0030e009e0030658 node:0 speed:3 maxrec:8
sbp0: sbp_show_sdev_info: sbp0:0:0 'PI-236' 'USB2.0 & 1394 & eSATA combo Dri' '000120'
uhub0: 4 ports with 4 removable, self powered
uhub1: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered
uhub2: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered
uhub3: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered
uhub4: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered
ugen0.2: <Seagate> at usbus0
umass0: <Seagate Backup+ Desk, class 0/0, rev 3.00/1.00, addr 1> on usbus0
uhub5: 8 ports with 8 removable, self powered
ugen0.3: <Seagate> at usbus0
umass1: <Seagate Backup+ Desk, class 0/0, rev 3.00/1.00, addr 2> on usbus0
acd0: FAILURE - INQUIRY ILLEGAL REQUEST asc=0x24 ascq=0x00
(probe7:ata1:0:0:0): TEST UNIT READY. CDB: 0 0 0 0 0 0
(probe7:ata1:0:0:0): CAM status: SCSI Status Error
(probe7:ata1:0:0:0): SCSI status: Check Condition
(probe7:ata1:0:0:0): SCSI sense: NOT READY asc:3a,1 (Medium not present - tray closed)
ugen5.2: <Seagate> at usbus5
umass2: <Seagate product 0xa0a4, class 0/0, rev 2.10/1.00, addr 2> on usbus5
ugen5.3: <vendor 0x05e3> at usbus5
uhub6: <vendor 0x05e3 USB2.0 Hub, class 9/0, rev 2.00/32.98, addr 3> on usbus5
uhub6: 4 ports with 4 removable, self powered
ugen5.4: <IOMEGA> at usbus5
umass3: <IOMEGA Desktop Hard Drive, class 0/0, rev 2.00/0.01, addr 4> on usbus5
ugen5.5: <vendor 0x05e3> at usbus5
uhub7: <vendor 0x05e3 USB2.0 Hub, class 9/0, rev 2.00/32.98, addr 5> on usbus5
uhub7: 4 ports with 4 removable, self powered
ugen5.6: <Hewlett-Packard> at usbus5
umass4: <Hewlett-Packard HP Mass Storage Device, class 0/0, rev 2.00/0.10, addr 6> on usbus5
(probe0:umass-sim4:4:0:0): TEST UNIT READY. CDB: 0 0 0 0 0 0
(probe0:umass-sim4:4:0:0): CAM status: SCSI Status Error
(probe0:umass-sim4:4:0:0): SCSI status: Check Condition
(probe0:umass-sim4:4:0:0): SCSI sense: NOT READY asc:3a,1 (Medium not present - tray closed)
ugen5.7: <vendor 0x05e3> at usbus5
uhub8: <vendor 0x05e3 USB2.0 Hub, class 9/0, rev 2.00/77.64, addr 7> on usbus5
uhub8: 4 ports with 4 removable, self powered
ugen5.8: <Logitech> at usbus5
ums0: <Logitech USB Trackball, class 0/0, rev 1.10/14.00, addr 8> on usbus5
ums0: 5 buttons and [XY] coordinates ID=0
ugen5.9: <Seagate> at usbus5
umass5: <Seagate FreeAgent GoFlex, class 0/0, rev 2.10/1.00, addr 9> on usbus5
run_interrupt_driven_hooks: still waiting after 60 seconds for xpt_config
da3 at umass-sim2 bus 2 scbus5 target 0 lun 0
da3: <Seagate USB 0508> Fixed Direct Access SCSI-6 device
da3: 40.000MB/s transfers
da3: 1907729MB (3907029167 512 byte sectors: 255H 63S/T 243201C)
da4 at umass-sim3 bus 3 scbus6 target 0 lun 0
da4: <WDC WD80 0BB-00FJA0 13.0> Fixed Direct Access SCSI-0 device
da4: 40.000MB/s transfers
da4: 76319MB (156301489 512 byte sectors: 255H 63S/T 9729C)
da2 at umass-sim1 bus 1 scbus4 target 0 lun 0
da2: < > Fixed Direct Access SCSI-0 device
da2: 400.000MB/s transfers
da2: 1907729MB (3907029167 512 byte sectors: 255H 63S/T 243201C)
da5 at umass-sim5 bus 5 scbus8 target 0 lun 0
da5: <Seagate FreeAgent GoFlex 210> Fixed Direct Access SCSI-0 device
da5: 40.000MB/s transfers
da5: 476940MB (976773167 512 byte sectors: 255H 63S/T 60801C)
da1 at umass-sim0 bus 0 scbus3 target 0 lun 0
da1: < > Fixed Direct Access SCSI-0 device
da1: 400.000MB/s transfers
da1: 1907729MB (3907029167 512 byte sectors: 255H 63S/T 243201C)
da0 at sbp0 bus 0 scbus0 target 0 lun 0
da0: <PI-236 USB2.0 & 1394 & 0120> Fixed Direct Access SCSI-5 device
da0: 50.000MB/s transfers
da0: 1907729MB (3907029168 512 byte sectors: 255H 63S/T 243201C)
cd1 at umass-sim4 bus 4 scbus7 target 0 lun 0
cd1: <HP DVD Writer 1270e HH22> Removable CD-ROM SCSI-0 device
cd1: 40.000MB/s transfers
cd1: Attempt to query device size failed: NOT READY, Medium not present - tray closed
cd0 at ata1 bus 0 scbus2 target 0 lun 0
cd0: <ASUS DRW-24B1ST c 1.05> Removable CD-ROM SCSI-0 device
cd0: 100.000MB/s transfers
cd0: Attempt to query device size failed: NOT READY, Medium not present - tray closed
SMP: AP CPU #2 Launched!
SMP: AP CPU #1 Launched!
SMP: AP CPU #3 Launched!
hwpmc: TSC/1/64/0x20<REA> IAP/2/40/0x3ff<INT,USR,SYS,EDG,THR,REA,WRI,INV,QUA,PRC> IAF/3/40/0x61<INT,REA,WRI>
GEOM_CONCAT: Device archives created (id=689002755).
GEOM_CONCAT: Disk da4s1a attached to archives.
GEOM_CONCAT: Disk da4s1d attached to archives.
GEOM_CONCAT: Disk da5s1f attached to archives.
GEOM_CONCAT: Device archives activated.
Trying to mount root from ufs:/dev/ad0s1a
GEOM_ELI: Device ad0s1b.eli created.
GEOM_ELI: Encryption: AES-XTS 256
GEOM_ELI: Crypto: software
GEOM_ELI: Device label/iomega80s1b.eli created.
GEOM_ELI: Encryption: AES-XTS 256
GEOM_ELI: Crypto: software
GEOM_ELI: Device label/seagate2TBs1b.eli created.
GEOM_ELI: Encryption: AES-XTS 256
GEOM_ELI: Crypto: software
KLD linux_adobe.ko: depends on kernel - not available or version mismatch
KLD rtc.ko: depends on kernel - not available or version mismatch
hdac0: <Intel 82801G High Definition Audio Controller> mem 0xfdff8000-0xfdffbfff irq 16 at device 27.0 on pci0
hdac0: HDA Driver Revision: 20100226_0142
hdac0: [ITHREAD]
hdac0: HDA Codec #2: Realtek ALC887
hdac1: <NVidia (Unknown) High Definition Audio Controller> mem 0xfcffc000-0xfcffffff irq 17 at device 0.1 on pci1
hdac1: HDA Driver Revision: 20100226_0142
hdac1: [ITHREAD]
hdac1: HDA Codec #0: NVidia GT21x HDMI
hdac1: HDA Codec #1: NVidia GT21x HDMI
hdac1: HDA Codec #2: NVidia GT21x HDMI
hdac1: HDA Codec #3: NVidia GT21x HDMI
pcm0: <HDA Realtek ALC887 PCM #0 Analog> at cad 2 nid 1 on hdac0
pcm1: <HDA Realtek ALC887 PCM #1 Analog> at cad 2 nid 1 on hdac0
pcm2: <HDA Realtek ALC887 PCM #2 Digital> at cad 2 nid 1 on hdac0
pcm3: <HDA NVidia GT21x HDMI PCM #0 DisplayPort> at cad 0 nid 1 on hdac1
pcm4: <HDA NVidia GT21x HDMI PCM #0 DisplayPort> at cad 1 nid 1 on hdac1
pcm5: <HDA NVidia GT21x HDMI PCM #0 DisplayPort> at cad 2 nid 1 on hdac1
pcm6: <HDA NVidia GT21x HDMI PCM #0 DisplayPort> at cad 3 nid 1 on hdac1
-----------------------end of dmesg output---------------------------
--------------disk device nodes, according to 8.2-STABLE-------------
(output of ls -C /dev/ad* /dev/da*):
/dev/ad0 /dev/da0s1a /dev/da3
/dev/ad0s1 /dev/da0s1d /dev/da4
/dev/ad0s1a /dev/da0s1f /dev/da4s1
/dev/ad0s1b /dev/da1 /dev/da4s1a
/dev/ad0s1b.eli /dev/da1s1 /dev/da4s1b
/dev/ad0s1d /dev/da1s1a /dev/da4s1d
/dev/ad0s1e /dev/da1s1d /dev/da5
/dev/ad0s1f /dev/da1s1f /dev/da5s1
/dev/ad0s2 /dev/da2 /dev/da5s1a
/dev/ad0s2a /dev/da2s1 /dev/da5s1b
/dev/ad0s2d /dev/da2s1a /dev/da5s1d
/dev/ad0s2h /dev/da2s1b /dev/da5s1e
/dev/da0 /dev/da2s1d /dev/da5s1f
/dev/da0s1 /dev/da2s1f /dev/da5s1g
--------------end of disk device node information--------------------
Thanks in advance for any clues!
Scott Bennett, Comm. ASMELG, CFIAG
**********************************************************************
* Internet: bennett at sdf.org *or* bennett at freeshell.org *
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*
* "A well regulated and disciplined militia, is at all times a good *
* objection to the introduction of that bane of all free governments *
* -- a standing army." *
* -- Gov. John Hancock, New York Journal, 28 January 1790 *
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