Accuracy of Mathematical Functions

From: Paul Zimmermann <Paul.Zimmermann_at_inria.fr>
Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2026 07:29:16 UTC
       Dear all,

a new update of our comparison is available:

https://members.loria.fr/PZimmermann/papers/accuracy.pdf

Main remarks about this update:

* more correctly-rounded functions in GNU libc and LLVM libc

* the Intel Math Library provides some cr_xxx functions: the user can choose
  between the default function (log) and the correctly rounded one (cr_log)

* about two years after the adoption of C23, very few libraries implement
  the new C23 functions

Specific to FreeBSD (we are testing 15.1);

* We use the generic x86_64 binary from the FreeBSD distribution. Some
  slightly different results might be obtained if you recompile FreeBSD using
  fused-multiply-add

* pow still has a large error of 636 ulps for x=0x1.000002c5e2e99p+0 and
  y=0x1.c9eee35374af6p+31

Looking forward for improvements in the next release!

Brian Gladman
Vincenzo Innocente
John Mather
Katsuhisa Ozaki
Paul Zimmermann