docs/116117: update handbook/basics translation of traditional
chinese
Wei-Hao Syu
whsyu at ntu.edu.tw
Wed Sep 5 04:20:16 PDT 2007
>Number: 116117
>Category: docs
>Synopsis: update handbook/basics translation of traditional chinese
>Confidential: no
>Severity: non-critical
>Priority: low
>Responsible: freebsd-doc
>State: open
>Quarter:
>Keywords:
>Date-Required:
>Class: update
>Submitter-Id: current-users
>Arrival-Date: Wed Sep 05 11:20:14 GMT 2007
>Closed-Date:
>Last-Modified:
>Originator: Wei-Hao Syu
>Release: 6.2-STABLE
>Organization:
>Environment:
FreeBSD jasmine.ck49th318.org 6.2-STABLE FreeBSD 6.2-STABLE #6: Thu Aug 16 09:20:37 CST 2007 root at jasmine.ck49th318.org:/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/JASMINE amd64
>Description:
please see the attached file.
>How-To-Repeat:
>Fix:
Patch attached with submission follows:
<!--
The FreeBSD Documentation Project
$FreeBSD: doc/zh_TW.Big5/books/handbook/basics/chapter.sgml,v 1.3 2006/06/17 10:22:45 vanilla Exp $
Original revision: 1.142
-->
<chapter id="basics">
<chapterinfo>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Chris</firstname>
<surname>Shumway</surname>
<contrib>Rewritten by </contrib>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<!-- 10 Mar 2000 -->
</chapterinfo>
<title>UNIX °ò¦·§©À</title>
<sect1 id="basics-synopsis">
<title>·§z</title>
<para>±µ¤U¨Óªº³o¤@³¹±N²[»\ FreeBSD §@·~¨t²Îªº°ò¥»«ü¥O¤Î¥\¯à¡C
¤j³¡¥÷ªº¤º®e¦b &unix;-like §@·~¨t²Î¤¤³£¬O¬Û³qªº¡C
¦pªG±z¹ï³o¨Ç¤º®e¼ô±xªº¸Ü¡A¥i¥H©ñ¤ßªº¸õ¹L¡C
¦pªG±z豵IJ FreeBSD ¡A¨º±z¤@©wn¥J²ÓªºÅª§¹³o³¹¡C</para>
<para>Ū§¹³o¤@³¹¡A±z±N·|¤F¸Ñ:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>¦p¦ó¨Ï¥Î FreeBSD ªº<quote>virtual consoles</quote>¡C</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>&unix; ÀÉ®×Åv¹B§@ªº¤è¦¡¥H¤Î &os; ¤¤Àɮתº flags¡C</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>¹w³]ªº &os; Àɮרt²Î°t¸m¡C</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>&os; ªººÏºÐµ²ºc¡C</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>¦p¦ó±¾¸ü(mount)¡B¨ø¸ü(umount)Àɮרt²Î</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>¤°»ò¬Oprocesses¡Bdaemons ¥H¤Î signals ¡C</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>¤°»ò¬O shell ¡A¥H¤Î¦p¦óÅܧó±z¹w³]ªºµn¤JÀô¹Ò¡C</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>¦p¦ó¨Ï¥Î°ò¥»ªº¤å¦r½s¿è¾¹¡C</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>¤°»ò¬O devices ©M device nodes ¡C</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>&os; ¤U¨Ï¥Îªº binary ®æ¦¡¡C</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>¦p¦ó¾\Ū manual pages ¥HÀò±o§ó¦hªº¸ê°T¡C</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="consoles">
<title>Virtual Consoles ©M²×ºÝ¾÷</title>
<indexterm><primary>virtual consoles</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>terminals</primary></indexterm>
<para> ¦³«Ü¦h¤èªk¥i¥H¾Þ§@ FreeBSD ¡A¨ä¤¤¤@ºØ´N¬O¦b¤å¦r²×ºÝ¾÷¤W¥´¦r¡C
¦p¦¹¨Ï¥Î FreeBSD §Y¥i»´©öªºÅé·|¨ì &unix; §@·~¨t²Îªº«Â¤O©M¼u©Ê¡C
³o¤@¸`´yz¤°»ò¬O<quote>²×ºÝ¾÷</quote>©M
<quote>console</quote>¡A¥H¤Î¥i¥H¦p¦ó¦b FreeBSD ¤¤¹B¥Î¥¦Ì¡C</para>
<sect2 id="consoles-intro">
<title>The Console</title>
<indexterm><primary>console</primary></indexterm>
<para>¦pªG±z¨S¦³±N FreeBSD ³]©w¦¨¶}¾÷®É¦Û°Ê¶i¤J¹Ï§Î¤Æ¼Ò¦¡¡A¨t²Î·|¦b±Ò°Êªº
script ¶]§¹¤§«áÅã¥Üµn¤Jªº´£¥Ü²Å¸¹¡C ±z±N·|¬Ý¨ì¹³¬O³o¼ËªºªF¦è¡G</para>
<screen>Additional ABI support:.
Local package initialization:.
Additional TCP options:.
Fri Sep 20 13:01:06 EEST 2002
FreeBSD/i386 (pc3.example.org) (ttyv0)
login:</screen>
<para>³oÓ°T®§¦b±zªº¨t²Î¤W·|¦³¨Ç³\ªº¤£¦P¡A¦ý¬OÀ³¸Ó·|¬Ý¨ìÃþ¦üªºªF¦è¡C
§ÚÌ·P¿³½ìªº¬O³Ì«á¨â¦æ¡A³Ì«á¨â¦æ¬O¡G</para>
<programlisting>FreeBSD/i386 (pc3.example.org) (ttyv0)</programlisting>
<para>³o¦æ¥]§t¤Fè¶}¾÷§¹¨t²Îªº¸ê°T¡C ±z¬Ý¨ìªº¬O¦b Intel ©Î¬Û®e³B²z¾¹ªº
x86 ¬[ºc¤W°õ¦æªº <quote>FreeBSD</quote>ªº console<footnote>
<para>³o´N¬O <literal>i386</literal> ªº·N¸q¡C ª`·N§Y¨Ï±z¤£¬O¦b
Intel ªº 386 ³B²z¾¹¤W°õ¦æ FreeBSD ¡A¤@¼Ë¬O<literal>i386</literal>¡C
³o¤£¬O«ü§Aªº³B²z¾¹ªº«¬¸¹¡A³o¸ÌÅã¥Üªº¬O§A³B²z¾¹ªº<quote>¬[ºc</quote>
</para>
</footnote>¡C ³o¥x¾÷¾¹ªº¦W¦r (¨C¥x &unix; ¾÷¾¹³£¦³¤@Ó¦W¦r) ¬O
<hostid>pc3.example.org</hostid>¡A¦Ó±z²{¦b¬Ý¨ìªº¬O¥¦ªº¨t²Î
console— <devicename>ttyv0</devicename>²×ºÝ¾÷¡C</para>
<para>³Ì«áªº¤@¦æÀ³¸Ó³£·|¬O¡G</para>
<programlisting>login:</programlisting>
<para>³o¬O±zÀ³¸Ón¿é¤J±zªº<quote>±b¸¹¦WºÙ</quote>ªº¦a¤è¡C
¤U¤@¤p¸`±N§i¶D±z¦p¦óµn¤J FreeBSD¡C</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="consoles-login">
<title>µn¤J FreeBSD</title>
<para>FreeBSD ¬O¤@Ó multiuser¡Bmultiprocessing ªº¨t²Î¡C
³o¬O¤@Ó¥¿¦¡ªº¦WºÙ¡A«üªº¬O¦b³æ¤@¾÷¾¹¤W¥i¥H¦P®É³Q¤£¦P¤H¨Ï¥Î¡A¦ý¦P®É¥i¥H°õ¦æ«Ü¦hµ{¦¡ªº¨t²Î¡C</para>
<para>¨C¤@ºØ¦h¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¨t²Î³£»Ýn¥i¥H¤À¿ë¤£¦P<quote>¨Ï¥ÎªÌ</quote>ªº¤èªk¡C
¦b FreeBSD (¥H¤Î©Ò¦³ªº &unix;-like §@·~¨t²Î)
¤¤¡A©Ò¦³ªº¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¦b°õ¦æµ{¦¡¤§«e¥²¶·¥ý<quote>µn¤J</quote>¨t²Î¡C
¨CӨϥΪ̳£¦³¤@²Õ¿W¯Sªº±b¸¹¦WºÙ
(<quote>username</quote>)¤Î±K½X(<quote>password</quote>)¡C
FreeBSD ¦b¤¹³\¨Ï¥ÎªÌ°õ¦æµ{¦¡«e±N·|¥ý°Ý³o¨âÓ°ÝÃD¡C</para>
<indexterm><primary>startup scripts</primary></indexterm>
<para>¦b FreeBSD ¶}¾÷¨Ã¶]§¹°_°Êªº script ¤§«á<footnote>
<para>³o¨Ç°_°Êªº script ¬O¦b¶}¾÷ªº®ÉÔ FreeBSD ·|¦Û°Ê°õ¦æªºµ{¦¡¡C
¥LÌ¥Dnªº¥\¯à¬O±N©Ò¦³¸Ó°õ¦æªºªF¦è³]©w¦n¡A¨Ã±N±z³]©w¦¨I´º°õ¦æªºªA°È±Ò°Ê¡C
</para>
</footnote>¡A¥¦±N·|¦L¥X´£¥Ü¦r¤¸n¨D±z¿é¤J¥¿½Tªº±b¸¹¦WºÙ¡G</para>
<screen>login:</screen>
<para>¦b³oÓ½d¨Ò¸Ì¡A§ÚÌ°²³]±zªº±b¸¹¬O<username>john</username>¡C
¦b´£¥Ü¦r¤¸³B¿é¤J
<literal>john</literal> ¨Ã«ö¤U <keycap>Enter</keycap>¡C
±µµÛ±zÀ³¸Ó·|¬Ý¨ì¥t¤@Ó´£¥Ü¦r¤¸n±z¿é¤J<quote>±K½X</quote>¡G
</para>
<screen>login: <userinput>john</userinput>
Password:</screen>
<para>¿é¤J <username>john</username> ªº±K½X¡A¦A«ö¤U
<keycap>Enter</keycap>¡C
¿é¤Jªº±K½X <emphasis>¤£·|Åã¥Ü¦b¿Ã¹õ¤W</emphasis>¡C
±z¤£»Ýn¬°¦¹¾á¤ß¡A³o¼Ë°µ¬O¬°¤F¦w¥þ¤Wªº°ÝÃD¡C</para>
<para>¦pªG±z¿é¤J¤F¥¿½Tªº±K½X¡A±zÀ³¸Ó¤w¸gµn¤J FreeBSD¡C
²{¦b´N¥i¥H¹Á¸Õ©Ò¦³¥i¥Îªº«ü¥O¤F¡C</para>
<para>±zÀ³¸Ó·|¬Ý¨ì<acronym>MOTD</acronym>
(§Y¤µ¤é°T®§¡BMessages Of The Day)¡A«á±±µµÛ©R¥O´£¥Ü¦r¤¸
(¤@Ó <literal>#</literal>,<literal>$</literal>, ©Î¬O
<literal>%</literal> ¦r¤¸)¡C ³o´Nªí¥Ü±z¤w¸g¦¨¥\µn¤J
FreeBSD ¤F¡C</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="consoles-virtual">
<title>¦h« Console</title>
<para>¦b¤@Ó Console ¤U°õ¦æ &unix; ·íµM¬O¨S¦³°ÝÃD¡AµM¦Ó
FreeBSD ¬O¥i¥H¦P®É°õ¦æ«Ü¦hµ{¦¡ªº¡C
¹³ FreeBSD ³o¼Ë¥i¥H¦P®É°õ¦æ¤@¤j°ïµ{¦¡ªº§@·~¨t²Î¡A¥u¦³¤@Ó
console ¥i¥H¿é¤J«ü¥O¹ê¦b¬O¦³ÂI®ö¶O¡C
¦b¦¹<quote>virtual consoles</quote>´N«Ü¦³¥Î¤F¡C</para>
<para> FreeBSD ¥i¥H³Q³]©w¦¨¦P®É¦³«Ü¦h
virtual console¡A¥Î´XÓ«öÁ䪺²Õ¦X´N¥i¥H±q¤@Ó
virtual console ¸õ¨ì§Oªº virtual console ¥h¡C
¨C¤@Ó console ³£¦³¦Û¤w¤£¦Pªº¿é¥XÀW¹D¡A ·í±q¬Y¤@Ó
virtual console ¤Á´«¨ì¤U¤@Óªº®ÉÔ¡AFreeBSD
·|¾A·íªº³B²zÁä½L¿é¤J¤Î¿Ã¹õ¿é¥X¡C</para>
<para>FreeBSD «O¯d¤F¯S§Oªº«öÁä²Õ¦X¨Ó¤Á´« console <footnote>
<para>¦b &man.syscons.4;¡B&man.atkbd.4;¡B&man.vidcontrol.1;¡B¥H¤Î
&man.kbdcontrol.1;µ¥ manual page ¤¤¡A¹ï©ó FreeBSD ªº console
¤ÎÁä½LÅX°Êµ{¦¡¦³¸Ô²Óªº§Þ³N»¡©ú¡C §Ú̦b³o¸Ì¤£°Q½×²Ó¸`¡A¦³¿³½ìªºÅªªÌÀH®É¥i¥H¦b
manual page ¤¤¬d¨ìÃö©ó¹B§@¤è¦¡ªº§ó¸Ô²Ó¥B§¹¾ãªº¸ÑÄÀ¡C</para>
</footnote>¡C ±z¥i¥H¥Î
<keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F1</keycap></keycombo>¡B
<keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F2</keycap></keycombo>¡B¨ì
<keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F8</keycap></keycombo>
¨Ó¤Á´« FreeBSD ªº¤£¦P console¡C </para>
<para> ·í±z±q¤@Ó console ¤Á´«¨ì¤U¤@Óªº®ÉÔ¡AFreeBSD
·|³B²z¿Ã¹õ¿é¥XªºÀx¦s¤Î¦^´_¡C
³o´N<quote>¦n¹³</quote>¦³«Ü¦h<quote>µêÀÀ</quote>ªº¿Ã¹õ©MÁä½L¥i¥HÅý±z¿é¤J«ü¥Oµ¹
FreeBSD °õ¦æ¡C ¦b¬Y¤@Ó console ¤W°õ¦æªºµ{¦¡¨Ã¤£·|¦]¬°¤Á¨ì§Oªº console
¦Ó°±¤î°õ¦æ¡A·í±z¤Á´«¨ì¥t¤@Ó console ªº®ÉÔ¡A¥LÌ·|Ä~Äò°õ¦æ¡C</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="consoles-ttys">
<title><filename>/etc/ttys</filename> ÀÉ</title>
<para>FreeBSD ¹w³]ªºµêÀÀ console Á`¦@¦³ 8 Ó¡A
¦ý³o¨Ã«Dµw©Ê³W©w¡A±z¥i»´ÃP³]©w³o¨ÇµêÀÀ console ªº¼Æ¶q¼W´î¡C
¦³ÃöµêÀÀ console ªº½s¸¹¸ò³]©w³£¦b
<filename>/etc/ttys</filename> ³oÀɮפº³]©w¡C</para>
<para>¥i¥H¥Î <filename>/etc/ttys</filename> Àɮרӳ]©w
FreeBSD ªºµêÀÀ console¡C Àɮפº¨C¦æ«Dµù¸Ñ¤å¦r(¸Ó¦æ¶}ÀY¨S¦³
<literal>#</literal> ³o¦r)³£¬O³]©w²×ºÝ¾÷©ÎµêÀÀ console¡C
FreeBSD ¹w³]¦³ 9 ÓµêÀÀ console ¦ý¥u±Ò°Ê 8 Ó¡A¤]´N¬O¥H¤U¥H
<literal>ttyv</literal> ¶}ÀYªº¨º´X¦æ³]©w¡C</para>
<programlisting># name getty type status comments
#
ttyv0 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure
# Virtual terminals
ttyv1 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure
ttyv2 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure
ttyv3 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure
ttyv4 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure
ttyv5 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure
ttyv6 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure
ttyv7 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure
ttyv8 "/usr/X11R6/bin/xdm -nodaemon" xterm off secure</programlisting>
<para>¦³Ãö³oÀɨCÄæ¦ìªº³]©w»P¨ä¥L¿ï¶µ¡A½Ð°Ñ¾\
&man.ttys.5; »¡©ú¡C</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="consoles-singleuser">
<title>Single User ¼Ò¦¡ªº Console</title>
<para>¦³Ãö <quote>single user ¼Ò¦¡</quote> ªº¤¶²Ð¦b
<xref linkend="boot-singleuser">
³oÃ䦳¸ÔºÉ¤¶²Ð¡C ¦b single user ¼Ò¦¡®É¡A¯à°÷¨Ï¥Îªº console
¥u¦³¤@Ó¡A¨ÃµLµêÀÀ console ¥i¥Î¡C ¦Ó single user ¼Ò¦¡¬ÛÃö³]©wÈ¥i¥H¦b
<filename>/etc/ttys</filename> ÀÉ°µ½Õ¾ã¡C ¤U±¥H
<literal>console</literal> ¶}ÀYªº¨º¦æ¡A´N¬O¤F¡G</para>
<programlisting># name getty type status comments
#
# If console is marked "insecure", then init will ask for the root password
# when going to single-user mode.
console none unknown off secure</programlisting>
<note>
<para>¦b <literal>console</literal> ¨º¦æ«e±ªºµù¸Ñ¦³´£¨ì¡A¥i¥H§â¨º¦æªº
<literal>secure</literal> §ï¬° <literal>insecure</literal>¡A
¦p¦¹¤@¨Ó¡A§Y¨Ï FreeBSD ¶i¤J single user ¼Ò¦¡¡A
¤´·|n¨D±z¿é¤J <username>root</username> ªº±K½X¡C</para>
<para><emphasis>½Ð¼f·V¦Ò¼{¬O§_n§ï¬°
<literal>insecure</literal></emphasis>¡C ¦]¬°¸U¤@§Ñ°O
<username>root</username> ±K½Xªº¸Ü¡AYnµn¤J single user
¼Ò¦¡´N¦³¨Ç³Â·Ð¤F¡C¾¨ºÞÁÙ¦³¨ä¥L¤è¦¡¥i¥Hµn¤J¡A¦ý¹ï¤£¼ô FreeBSD
¶}¾÷µ{§Çªº¤H¦Ó¨¥¡A´N·|¬Û·í´Æ¤â¡C
</para>
</note>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="permissions">
<title>Åv</title>
<indexterm><primary>UNIX</primary></indexterm>
<para>FreeBSD ·½¦Û©ó BSD &unix;¡AÄ~©Ó¤F´XÓ«nªº &unix; ·§©À¡C
º¥ý¤]³Ì©úÅã¡A¥¦¬O¤@´Ú multi-user §@·~¨t²Î¡C
¥¦¥i¥H¦P®É³B²z¦h¤H¦h¤u¡At³d¹ý©³ªº¤À¨É»PºÞ²z¨Ó¦Û¨C¦ì¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¹ï
µwºÐ¸Ë¸m¡B¶gÃä³]³Æ¡B°O¾ÐÅé¤Î CPU ®É¶¡ªºn¨D¡C</para>
<para>¤]¦]¬°¨t²Î¯à°÷¤ä´©¦h¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¡A©Ò¥H¨t²ÎºÞ²zªº¤@¤Á³£¦³Åv
¨Ó¨M©w½Ö¥i¥HŪ¨ú¡B¼g¤J©Î°õ¦æ¸ê·½¡C
³o¨ÇÅv¤À§O¨Ï¥Î¤T²Õ¤K¶i¦ìªº¼Æ¦rÀx¦s¡A¤@²Õ¥NªíÀɮתº©Ò¦³ªÌ
¡A¤@²Õ¥NªíÀɮשÒÄݪº¸s²Õ¡A¦Ó³Ì«á¤@²Õ«h¥Nªí¨ä¥L©Ò¦³¤H¡C
ªí¥Ü³o¨Ç¼Æ¦rªº¤è¦¡¦p¤U:</para>
<indexterm><primary>permissions</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>file permissions</primary>
</indexterm>
<informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
<tgroup cols="3">
<thead>
<row>
<entry>È</entry>
<entry>Åv</entry>
<entry>¥Ø¿ýÅã¥Ü</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>0</entry>
<entry>¤£¥iŪ¨ú, ¤£¥i¼g¤J, ¤£¥i°õ¦æ</entry>
<entry><literal>---</literal></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>1</entry>
<entry>¤£¥iŪ¨ú, ¤£¥i¼g¤J, ¥i°õ¦æ</entry>
<entry><literal>--x</literal></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>2</entry>
<entry>¤£¥iŪ¨ú, ¥i¼g¤J, ¤£¥i°õ¦æ</entry>
<entry><literal>-w-</literal></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>3</entry>
<entry>¤£¥iŪ¨ú, ¥i¼g¤J, ¥i°õ¦æ</entry>
<entry><literal>-wx</literal></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>4</entry>
<entry>¥iŪ¨ú, ¤£¥i¼g¤J, ¤£¥i°õ¦æ</entry>
<entry><literal>r--</literal></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>5</entry>
<entry>¥iŪ¨ú, ¤£¥i¼g¤J, ¥i°õ¦æ</entry>
<entry><literal>r-x</literal></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>6</entry>
<entry>¥iŪ¨ú, ¥i¼g¤J, ¤£¥i°õ¦æ</entry>
<entry><literal>rw-</literal></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>7</entry>
<entry>¥iŪ¨ú, ¥i¼g¤J, ¥i°õ¦æ</entry>
<entry><literal>rwx</literal></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<indexterm>
<primary><command>ls</command></primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>directories</primary></indexterm>
<para>¨Ï¥Î«ü¥O &man.ls.1; ±z¥i¥H¥Î <option>-l</option> °µ¬°¨ä°Ñ¼Æ¡A
¨ÓÀ˵ø¸Ô²Óªº¥Ø¿ý²M³æ¡C
²M³æ¤¤Äæ¦ìªº¸ê°T¥]§tÀÉ®×¹ï©Ò¦³ªÌ¡B¸s²Õ¤Î¨ä¥L¤HªºÅv¡C
¦bÀH«K¤@ӥؿý©³¤U°õ¦æ <command>ls -l</command>¡A·|Åã¥Ü¦p¤Uªºµ²ªG:
</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>ls -l</userinput>
total 530
-rw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 512 Sep 5 12:31 myfile
-rw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 512 Sep 5 12:31 otherfile
-rw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 7680 Sep 5 12:31 email.txt
..</screen>
<para>¦b³o¸Ì§i©Ò±z¸Ó¦p¦ó°Ï¤À <command>ls -l</command>
²Ä¤@Äæ·í¤¤ªº¸ê°T:</para>
<screen>-rw-r--r--</screen>
<para>²Ä¤@Ó (³Ì¥ªÃä) ªº¦r¤¸¥Î¨Óªí¥Ü³oÓÀɮתºÃþ«¬¬°¦ó¡A
°£¼Ð·ÇÀÉ®×¥H¥~¡A©|¦³¥Ø¿ý¡B¯S®í¦r¤¸¸Ë¸m (Special character device)¡B
Socket ¤Î¨ä¥L¯S®íµêÀÀÀɮ׸˸m (Special pseudo-file device)¡A
¦b¦¹¨Ò·í¤¤¡A<literal>-</literal> ªí¥Ü¸ÓÀɮ׬°¤@ӼзǪºÀɮסC
½d¨Ò¤¤±µ¤U¨Óªº¤TÓ¦r¤¸¤¤¡A<literal>rw-</literal>
¥Nªí©Ò¦³ªÌ¹ïÀÉ®×¾Ö¦³ªºÅv¡C ¦A±µ¤U¨Óªº¤TÓ¦r¤¸¡A
<literal>r--</literal> «h¥Nªí¸s²Õ¹ïÀÉ®×¾Ö¦³ªºÅv¡A
³Ì«á¤TÓ¦r¤¸¡A<literal>r--</literal> «h¥Nªí¨ä¥L¤H¹ïÀÉ®×¾Ö¦³ªºÅv¡C
¯}§é¸¹ (-) ªí¥Ü¨S¦³Åv¡A½d¨Ò¤¤ªº³oÓÀɮתºÅv¡A
¥u¤¹³\©Ò¦³ªÌŪ¨ú¡B¼g¤JÀɮסA¸s²Õ¥H¤Î¨ä¥L¤H¶È¯àŪ¨úÀɮסC
®Ú¾Ú¥H¤Wªºªí®æ¡A¦¹ºØÅvªºÀÉ®×¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î <literal>644</literal> ¨Óªí¥Ü¡A
¨C²Õ¼Æ¦r¤À§O¥NªíÀɮתº¤TºØÅv¡C</para>
<para>¥H¤W¬O¤£¿ùªº¤è¦¡¡A¦ý¨t²Î¸Ó¦p¦ó±±¨î¸Ë¸mªºÅv¡H ¹ê»Ú¤W FreeBSD
¹ï¤j¦hªºµwºÐ¸Ë¸m´N¦p¦PÀɮסAµ{¦¡¥i¥H¶}±Ò¡BŪ¨ú¥H¤Î¼g¤J¸ê®Æ¦p¤@¯ëÀɮסC
³o¨Ç¯S®í¸Ë¸mÀÉ®× (Special device file) ³£Àx¦s©ó <filename>/dev</filename>
¥Ø¿ý¤¤¡C</para>
<para>
¥Ø¿ý¤]¦P¦pÀɮסA¾Ö¦³Åª¨ú¡B¼g¤J¤Î°õ¦æªºÅv¡A¦ý¦b°õ¦æÅv¤W»PÀɮצ³©úÅ㪺®t²§¡C
·í¥Ø¿ý³Q¼Ð¥Ü¬°¥i°õ¦æ®É¡A¥Nªí¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î <quote>cd</quote>
(§ó§ï¥Ø¿ý) ¶i¤J¸Ó¥Ø¿ý¡C¤]¥Nªí¯à°÷¦s¨ú¦b¦¹¥Ø¿ý¤§¤¤ªº¤wª¾ÀɦWªºÀÉ®×
(·íµM¡AÀɮפ´¾Ö¦³¦Û¤vªºÅv)</para>
<para>¤×¨ä¡An¯à°÷¦C¥X¥Ø¿ý¤º®e¡A¥²¶·¾Ö¦³¥Ø¿ýªºÅª¨úÅv¡C
¦Ó·ín§R°£¤wª¾ÀɦWªºÀɮ׮ɡA¤]¥²¶·¾Ö¦³ÀɮשҦb¥Ø¿ýªº¼g¤J
<emphasis>¥H¤Î</emphasis> °õ¦æªºÅv¡C</para>
<para>ÁÙ¦³¤@¨ÇÅv¡A¦ý³o¨ÇÅv¥Dn¦b¯S®í±¡ªp¨Ï¥Î¡A¦p setuid binaries
¤Î sticky directories¡C
¦pªG±zÁÙ·Qª¾¹D§ó¦hÀÉ®×Åvªº¸ê°T¤Î¨Ï¥Î¤èªk¡A½Ð°È¥²°Ñ¾\
&man.chmod.1; »¡©ú¤å¥ó¡C</para>
<sect2>
<sect2info>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Tom</firstname>
<surname>Rhodes</surname>
<contrib>Contributed by </contrib>
</author>
</authorgroup>
</sect2info>
<title>Åv²Å¸¹</title>
<indexterm><primary>permissions</primary><secondary>symbolic</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
Åv²Å¸¹¥iºÙ°µ²Å¸¹ªí¥Ü¡A¨Ï¥Î¦r¤¸ªº¤è¦¡¨Ó¨ú¥N¨Ï¥Î¼ÆȨӳ]©wÀɮשΥؿýªºÅv¡C
²Å¸¹ªí¥Üªº®æ¦¡¨Ì§Ç¬° (¬Y¤H)(°Ê§@)(Åv)¡A¥i¨Ï¥Îªº²Å¸¹¦p¤U:</para>
<informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
<tgroup cols="3">
<thead>
<row>
<entry>¶µ¥Ø</entry>
<entry>¦r¥À</entry>
<entry>·N¸q</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>(¬Y¤H)</entry>
<entry>u</entry>
<entry>¨Ï¥ÎªÌ</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>(¬Y¤H)</entry>
<entry>g</entry>
<entry>¸s²Õ©Ò¦³ªÌ</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>(¬Y¤H)</entry>
<entry>o</entry>
<entry>¨ä¥L</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>(¬Y¤H)</entry>
<entry>a</entry>
<entry>©Ò¦³ (<quote>world</quote>)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>(°Ê§@)</entry>
<entry>+</entry>
<entry>¼W¥[Åv</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>(°Ê§@)</entry>
<entry>-</entry>
<entry>²¾°£Åv</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>(°Ê§@)</entry>
<entry>=</entry>
<entry>«ü©wÅv</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>(Åv)</entry>
<entry>r</entry>
<entry>Ū¨ú</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>(Åv)</entry>
<entry>w</entry>
<entry>¼g¤J</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>(Åv)</entry>
<entry>x</entry>
<entry>°õ¦æ</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>(Åv)</entry>
<entry>t</entry>
<entry>Sticky bit</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>(Åv)</entry>
<entry>s</entry>
<entry>Set UID ©Î GID</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>¦p¥ý«e¦P¼Ë¨Ï¥Î &man.chmod.1; «ü¥O¨Ó³]©w¡A¦ý¨Ï¥Îªº°Ñ¼Æ¬°³o¨Ç¦r¤¸¡C
¨Ò¦p¡A±z¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î¤U¦C«ü¥O¸T¤î¨ä¥L¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¦s¨úÀÉ®× <replaceable>FILE</replaceable>:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>chmod go= FILE</userinput></screen>
<para>Y¦³¨âÓ¥H¤Wªº²Å¸¹ªí¥Ü¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î³r¸¹(,)°Ï¹j¡C
¨Ò¦p¡A¤U¦C«ü¥O±N·|²¾°£¸s²Õ¤Î¨ä¥L¤H
¹ïÀÉ®× <replaceable>FILE</replaceable> ªº¼g¤JÅv¡A
¨Ã¨Ï©Ò¦³¤H(<quote>world</quote>)¹ï¸ÓÀɦ³°õ¦æÅv¡C</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>chmod go-w,a+x <replaceable>FILE</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<!--
<para>Most users will not notice this, but it should be pointed out
that using the octal method will only set or assign permissions to
a file; it does not add or delete them.</para>
-->
</sect2>
<sect2>
<sect2info>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Tom</firstname>
<surname>Rhodes</surname>
<contrib>Contributed by </contrib>
</author>
</authorgroup>
</sect2info>
<title>&os; Àɮ׺X¼Ð(Flag)</title>
<para>°£¤F«e±´£¨ìªºÀÉ®×Åv¥~¡A&os; ¤ä´©¨Ï¥Î <quote>Àɮ׺X¼Ð</quote>¡C
³o¨ÇºX¼Ð¼W¥[¤FÀɮתº¦w¥þ©Ê¤ÎºÞ²z©Ê¡A¦ý¤£¥]§t¥Ø¿ý¡C</para>
<para>Àɮ׺X¼Ð¼W¥[¤FºÞ²z©Ê¡A½T«O¦b¬Y¨Ç®ÉÔ <username>root</username>
¤£·|·N¥~±NÀÉ®×קï©Î²¾°£¡C</para>
<para>ק諸ÀÉ®× flag ¶È»Ýn¨Ï¥Î¾Ö¦³Â²©öªº¤¶±ªº &man.chflags.1; ¤u¨ã¡C
¨Ò¦p¡A¼Ð¥Ü¨t²Î¸T¤î§R°£ªººX¼Ð©óÀÉ®×
<filename>file1</filename>¡A¨Ï¥Î¤U¦C«ü¥O:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>chflags sunlink <filename>file1</filename></userinput></screen>
<para>Yn²¾°£¨t²Î¸T¤î§R°£ªººX¼Ð¡A
¥u»Ýn²³æ¦b <option>sunlink</option> «e¥[¤W <quote>no</quote>¡A¨Ò¦p:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>chflags nosunlink <filename>file1</filename></userinput></screen>
<para>¨Ï¥Î &man.ls.1; ¤Î°Ñ¼Æ <option>-lo</option> ¥iÀ˵øÀɮץثeªººX¼Ð:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>ls -lo <filename>file1</filename>
</userinput></screen>
<para>¿é¥Xªºµ²ªG¦p¤U:</para>
<programlisting>-rw-r--r-- 1 trhodes trhodes sunlnk 0 Mar 1 05:54 file1</programlisting>
<para>¦h¼ÆªººX¼Ð¶È¯à¥Ñ <username>root</username>
¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¨Ó¼Ð¥Ü©Î²¾°£¡A¦Ó³¡¥÷ºX¼Ð¥i¥ÑÀɮשҦ³ªÌ³]©w¡C
³o¸Ì«ØijºÞ²zªÌ¾\Ū &man.chflags.1; ¤Î &man.chflags.2;
»¡©ú¤å¥ó¨ú±o§ó¦hªº¬ÛÃö¸ê°T¡C</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="dirstructure">
<title>¥Ø¿ýµ²ºc</title>
<indexterm><primary>directory hierarchy</primary></indexterm>
<para>»{ÃÑ FreeBSD ªº¥Ø¿ý¬[ºc¡A´N¥i¹ï¨t²Î¦³·§²¤ªº°ò¦²z¸Ñ¡C
³Ì«nªº²ö¹L©ó¾ãӥؿýªº®Ú¥Ø¿ý¡A´N¬O <quote>/</quote>
¥Ø¿ý¡A³o¥Ø¿ý·|¦b¶}¾÷®É²Ä¤@Ó¥ý±¾¸ü (mount)¡A¨ä¤¤¸Ì±¦³µ¹
multi-user ¾Þ§@ªº°ò¥»¨t²Î¡C®Ú¥Ø¿ý¤]·|°O¿ý¨CÓÀɮרt²Î¤§¬ÛÃö±¾¸üÂI
(mount point)¡C</para>
<para>±¾¸üÂI´N¬OÅý·s¼WªºÀɮרt²Î¡A¯à±µ¤W®Ú¥Ø¿ýÀɮרt²Îªº¥Ø¿ý¡C
¦b <xref linkend="disk-organization"> ³oÃä¹ï¦¹¦³§ó¸Ô²Ó¤¶²Ð¡C
¼Ð·Çªº±¾¸üÂI¥]¬A¤F
<filename>/usr</filename>, <filename>/var</filename>, <filename>/tmp</filename>,
<filename>/mnt</filename>¡A¥H¤Î <filename>/cdrom</filename>¡C
³o¨Ç¥Ø¿ý³q±`·|°O¿ý¦b <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> ³]©wÀɤº¡C
<filename>/etc/fstab</filename> ¬O°O¿ý¦UÀɮרt²Î¤Î¬ÛÃö±¾¸üÂIªºªí®æ¡C
¤j³¡¤À¦b <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>
°O¿ýªºÀɮרt²Î¡A·|¦b¶}¾÷®É¥Ñ &man.rc.8; script ¨Ó¦Û°Ê±¾¸ü¡A°£«D¥¦Ì¦³³]©w
<option>noauto</option> ¿ï¶µ¡C²Ó¸`»¡©ú¥i°Ñ¾\ <xref linkend="disks-fstab">¡C
</para>
<para>¦³ÃöÀɮרt²Î¬[ºcªº§¹¾ã»¡©ú¥i°Ñ¾\ &man.hier.7;¡C
²{¦b©O¡AÅý§Ṳ́jP¥ý¤@¿s±`¨£ªº¥Ø¿ý¦³þ¨Ç§a¡C</para>
<para>
<informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
<tgroup cols="2">
<thead>
<row>
<entry>¥Ø¿ý</entry>
<entry>»¡©ú</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/</filename></entry>
<entry>Àɮרt²Îªº®Ú¥Ø¿ý¡C</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/bin/</filename></entry>
<entry>¾A¥Î single-user ¸ò multi-user ªº°ò¥»¤u¨ã¡C</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/boot/</filename></entry>
<entry>§@·~¨t²Î¶}¾÷¹Lµ{·|¥Î¨ìªºµ{¦¡¡B³]©wÀÉ¡C</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/boot/defaults/</filename></entry>
<entry>¹w³]ªº¶}¾÷±Ò°Ê³]©wÀÉ¡A¸Ô±¡½Ð°Ñ¾\ &man.loader.conf.5;¡C</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/dev/</filename></entry>
<entry>Device nodes¡A¸Ô±¡½Ð°Ñ¾\ &man.intro.4;¡C</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/etc/</filename></entry>
<entry>¨t²Î³]©wÀɤΤ@¨Ç script ÀÉ¡C</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/etc/defaults/</filename></entry>
<entry>¹w³]ªº¨t²Î³]©wÀÉ¡A¸Ô±¡½Ð°Ñ¾\ &man.rc.8;¡C</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/etc/mail/</filename></entry>
<entry>MTA(Mail Transport Agent)ªº¬ÛÃö³]©wÀÉ¡A¹³¬O &man.sendmail.8;¡C
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/etc/namedb/</filename></entry>
<entry><command>named</command> ³]©wÀÉ¡A¸Ô±¡½Ð°Ñ¾\
&man.named.8;¡C</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/etc/periodic/</filename></entry>
<entry>¨C¤é¡B¨C¶g¡B¨C¤ë³z¹L &man.cron.8;; °õ¦æªº©w´Á±Æµ{ script¡A
¸Ô±¡½Ð°Ñ¾\ &man.periodic.8;¡C</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/etc/ppp/</filename></entry>
<entry><command>ppp</command> ³]©wÀÉ¡A¸Ô±¡½Ð°Ñ¾\
&man.ppp.8;¡C</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/mnt/</filename></entry>
<entry>¨t²ÎºÞ²zªÌºD¥Î¥R·íÁ{®É±¾¸üÂIªºªÅ¥Ø¿ý¡C</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/proc/</filename></entry>
<entry>Process Àɮרt²Î¡A¸Ô±¡½Ð°Ñ¾\ &man.procfs.5; ¤Î
&man.mount.procfs.8;¡C</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/rescue/</filename></entry>
<entry>ºò«æ±Ï´©¥Î³~ªº¤@¨Ç statically linked µ{¦¡¡A¸Ô±¡½Ð°Ñ¾\
&man.rescue.8;¡C</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/root/</filename></entry>
<entry><username>root</username> ±b¸¹ªº®a¥Ø¿ý¡C</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/sbin/</filename></entry>
<entry>¨Ñ single-user ¤Î multi-user Àô¹Ò¨Ï¥Îªº¨t²Îµ{¦¡¤ÎºÞ²z¤u¨ã¡C</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/tmp/</filename></entry>
<entry>Á{®ÉÀɮסC ¤@¯ë¦Ó¨¥¡A«¶}¾÷¤§«á
<filename class="directory">/tmp</filename> ¤ºªºªF¦è·|³Q²M°£±¼¡C
¦Ó³q±`·|±N memory-based Àɮרt²Î±¾¸ü¦b
<filename class="directory">/tmp</filename> ¤W¡C
³o¨Çº¾¨Æ¥i³z¹L tmpmfs ¬ÛÃöªº &man.rc.conf.5; Àô¹ÒÅܼƨӦ۰ʧ¹¦¨¡C
(©Î¬O¦b
<filename>/etc/fstab</filename> ¤º°µ³]©w¡A¸Ô±¡½Ð°Ñ¾\ &man.mdmfs.8;¡C)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/usr/</filename></entry>
<entry>¥Dn¬O¨Ï¥ÎªÌ©Ò¦w¸Ëªº¤u¨ãµ{¦¡¡BÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡¦s©ñ³B¡C</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/usr/bin/</filename></entry>
<entry>±`¥Î¤u¨ã¡B¶}µo¤u¨ã¡BÀ³¥Î³nÅé¡C</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/usr/include/</filename></entry>
<entry>¼Ð·Ç C include ªº¬ÛÃö header ÀÉ®×®w¡C</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/usr/lib/</filename></entry>
<entry>¨ç¦¡®w¦s©ñ³B¡C</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/usr/libdata/</filename></entry>
<entry>¨ä¥L¦U¦¡¤u¨ãªº¸ê®ÆÀÉ¡C</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/usr/libexec/</filename></entry>
<entry>¨t²Î daemons ¤Î¨t²Î¤u¨ãµ{¦¡(³z¹L¨ä¥Lµ{¦¡¨Ó°õ¦æ)¡C</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename
class="directory">/usr/local/</filename></entry>
<entry>¦s©ñ¤@¨Ç¦Û¦æ¦w¸Ëªº°õ¦æÀÉ¡B¨ç¦¡®wµ¥µ¥¡C ¦P®É¡A¤]¬O FreeBSD
ports ¬[ºcªº¹w³]¦w¸Ë¥Ø¿ý¡C <filename>/usr/local</filename>
¤ºªº¥Ø¿ý¬[ºc¤jP»P <filename>/usr</filename> ¬Û¦P¡A¸Ô±¡½Ð°Ñ¾\
&man.hier.7; »¡©ú¡C¦ý man ¥Ø¿ý¨Ò¥~¡A¥¦Ì¬Oª½±µ©ñ¦b
<filename>/usr/local</filename> ©³¤U¡A¦Ó«D <filename>/usr/local/share</filename>¡A
¦Ó ports ©Ò¦w¸Ëªº»¡©ú¤å¥ó«h¦b
<filename>share/doc/<replaceable>port</replaceable></filename>¡C
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/usr/obj/</filename></entry>
<entry>¦b½sĶ <filename>/usr/src</filename>
¥Ø¿ý®É©Ò²£¥Íªº¬ÛÃö¬[ºc object ÀɮסC</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/usr/ports</filename></entry>
<entry>FreeBSD Ports Collection (optional)¡C</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/usr/sbin/</filename></entry>
<entry>¨t²Î daemon ¤Î¨t²Î¤u¨ã(ª½±µ¥Ñ¨Ï¥ÎªÌ°õ¦æ)¡C</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/usr/share/</filename></entry>
<entry>¦U¬[ºc¬Ò¦@³qªºÀɮסC</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/usr/src/</filename></entry>
<entry>BSD ¥»¨ªºì©l½X(©Î¦Û¦æ·s¼Wªº)¡C</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename
class="directory">/usr/X11R6/</filename></entry>
<entry>X11R6 ¬ÛÃö®M¥óªº°õ¦æÀÉ¡B¨ç¦¡®wµ¥(optional)¡C</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/var/</filename></entry>
<entry>¦s©ñ¦UºØ¥Î³~ªº log ÀÉ¡BÁ{®É©Î¼È®É¦s©ñ¡B¦C¦L©Î¶l¥óªº
spool ÀɮסC¦³®ÉÔ¡Amemory-based Àɮרt²Î¤]·|±¾¸ü¦b
<filename class="directory">/var</filename>¡C
³o¨Çº¾¨Æ¥i³z¹L varmfs ¬ÛÃöªº &man.rc.conf.5
Àô¹ÒÅܼƨӦ۰ʧ¹¦¨¡C(©Î¬O¦b
<filename>/etc/fstab</filename> ¤º°µ³]©w¡A¬ÛÃö²Ó¸`½Ð°Ñ¾\
&man.mdmfs.8;¡C)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/var/log/</filename></entry>
<entry>¦U¶µ¨t²Î°O¿ýªº log ÀɮסC</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/var/mail/</filename></entry>
<entry>¦U¨Ï¥ÎªÌªº mailbox ÀɮסC</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/var/spool/</filename></entry>
<entry>¦UºØ¦Lªí¾÷¡B¶l¥ó¨t²Îªº spool ¥Ø¿ý¡C</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/var/tmp/</filename></entry>
<entry>Á{®ÉÀɮסC
³o¨ÇÀɮצb«¶}¾÷«á³q±`¤´·|«O¯d¡A°£«D
<filename class="directory">/var</filename>
¬OÄÝ©ó memory-based Àɮרt²Î¡C</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename>/var/yp</filename></entry>
<entry>°O¿ý NIS maps¡C</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="disk-organization">
<title>ºÏºÐ²Õ´</title>
<para> FreeBSD ¥Î¨Ó´M§äÀɮתº³Ì¤p³æ¦ì´N¬OÀɮתº¦WºÙ¤F¡C
Àɮתº¦WºÙ¦³¤j¤p¼g¤§¤À¡A©Ò¥H»¡ <filename>readme.txt</filename>
©M <filename>README.TXT</filename> ¬O¨âÓ¤£¦PªºÀɮסC
FreeBSD ¨Ã¤£¨Ï¥Î°ÆÀɦW (<filename>.txt</filename>)
¨Ó§P§O³o¬O¤@Óµ{¦¡ÀÉ¡B¤å¥óÀɩάO¨ä¥LÃþ«¬ªºÀɮסC</para>
<para>Àɮצs¦b¥Ø¿ý¸Ì±¡C
¤@ӥؿý¤¤¥i¯à¨S¦³¥ô¦óÀɮסA¤]¥i¯à¦³¦n´X¦ÊÓÀɮסC
¥Ø¿ý¤§¤¤¤]¥i¥H¥]§t¨ä¥Lªº¥Ø¿ý¡F±z¥i¥H«Ø¥ß¶¥¼h¦¡ªº¥Ø¿ý¥H«K¸ê®ÆªººÞ²z¡C
</para>
<para>ÀɮשΥؿýªº¹ïÀ³¬OÂǥѵ¹©wªºÀɮשΥؿý¦WºÙ¡AµM«á¥[¤W¥¿±×½u²Å¸¹
(<literal>/</literal>)¡F¤§«á¦Aµø»Ýn¥[¤W¨ä¥Lªº¥Ø¿ý¦WºÙ¡C
¦pªG±z¦³¤@ӥؿý <filename>foo</filename> ¡A¸Ì±¦³¤@ӥؿý¥s§@
<filename>bar</filename> ¡A³oӥؿý¤¤¤S¥]§t¤F¤@Ó¥s
<filename>readme.txt</filename>
ªºÀɮסA¨º»ò³oÓÀɮתº¥þ¦W¡A©ÎªÌ»¡Àɮתº<firstterm>¸ô®|</firstterm>´N¬O
<filename>foo/bar/readme.txt</filename> ¡C</para>
<para>¥Ø¿ý¤ÎÀÉ®×Àx¦s¦bÀɮרt²Î¤§¤¤¡C
¨CÓÀɮרt²Î³£¦³°ß¤@¤@ӳ̤W¼hªº¥Ø¿ý¡A¥s°µ<firstterm>®Ú¥Ø¿ý
(root directory)</firstterm>¡CµM«á¦b³oӮڥؿý¤U±¤~¯à¦³¨ä¥Lªº¥Ø¿ý¡C
</para>
<para>¨ì¥Ø«e¬°¤î¤j·§©M¨ä¥L±z¥Î¹Lªºªº§@·~¨t²Î³£®t¤£¦h¡C
ÁÙ¬O¦³¨Ç¤£¤@¼Ëªº¦a¤è´N¬O¤F¡A¨Ò¦p &ms-dos; ¥Î <literal>\</literal>
·íÀɮשM¥Ø¿ý¦WºÙªº¤À¹j²Å¸¹¡A¦Ó &macos; «h¬O¥Î <literal>:</literal>
²Å¸¹¡C</para>
<para>FreeBSD ªº¸ô®|¤¤¨Ã¨S¦³¨Ï¥ÎºÏºÐ¾÷¥N¸¹©Î¨ä¥LªººÏºÐ¦WºÙ¡C
¦]¦¹¡A±z¤£¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î¹³ <filename>c:/foo/bar/readme.txt</filename>
³o¼Ë¤lªºÀɮצWºÙ¡C</para>
<para>¬Û¹ïªº¡A¦b FreeBSD
¨t²Î¤¤¦³¤@ÓÀɮרt²Î³Q«ü©w¬°<firstterm>®ÚÀɮרt²Î</firstterm>¡C
®ÚÀɮרt²Îªº®Ú¥Ø¿ý¥Ñ <literal>/</literal> ªí¥Ü¡C
µM«á¨ä¥LªºÀɮרt²Î¦A<firstterm>±¾¸ü (mount)</firstterm>
¦b®ÚÀɮרt²Î¤§¤U¡C¦]¦¹µL½×±zªº FreeBSD
¨t²Î¤W¦³¦h¤ÖÁûµwºÐ¡A¨C¤@ӥؿý¬Ý°_¨Ó´N¹³¦b¦P¤@ӺϺФW¡C</para>
<para>°²³]±z¦³¤TÓÀɮרt²Î¡A¤À§O¥s§@ <literal>A</literal>¡B
<literal>B</literal> ¤Î <literal>C</literal> ¡C
¨CÓÀɮרt²Î³£¥]§t¨âӥؿý¡A¥s°µ
<literal>A1</literal>¡B<literal>A2</literal> (¨Ì¦¹Ãþ±À±o
<literal>B1</literal>¡B<literal>B2</literal> ¤Î
<literal>C1</literal>¡B<literal>C2</literal>)¡C</para>
<para>ºÙ <literal>A</literal> ¬°¥DnªºÀɮרt²Î¡F¦pªG±z¥Î
<command>ls</command> «ü¥O¬d¬Ý¦¹¥Ø¿ýªº¤º®e¡A±z·|¬Ý¨ì¨âÓ¤l¥Ø¿ý¡G
<literal>A1</literal> ¤Î <literal>A2</literal> ¡A¦p¤U©Ò¥Ü¡G</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="install/example-dir1" format="EPS">
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<literallayout class="monospaced"> /
|
+--- A1
|
`--- A2</literallayout>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>¤@ÓÀɮרt²Î¥²¶·¥H¥Ø¿ý§Î¦¡±¾¸ü©ó¥t¤@ÓÀɮרt²Î¤W¡C
¦]¦¹¡A°²³]±z±N <literal>B</literal> ±¾¸ü©ó <literal>A1</literal>
¤§¤W¡A«h <literal>B</literal> ªº®Ú¥Ø¿ý´NÅܦ¨¤F
<literal>A1</literal>¡A¦Ó¦b <literal>B</literal>
¤§¤Uªº¥ô¦ó¥Ø¿ýªº¸ô®|¤]ÀH¤§§ïÅÜ:</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="install/example-dir2" format="EPS">
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<literallayout class="monospaced"> /
|
+--- A1
| |
| +--- B1
| |
| `--- B2
|
`--- A2</literallayout>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>¦b <literal>B1</literal> ©Î <literal>B2</literal>
¥Ø¿ý¤¤ªº¥ô¦óÀÉ®×¥²¶·¸g¥Ñ¸ô®| <filename>/A1/B1</filename>
©Î <filename>/A1/B2</filename> ¤~¯à¹F¨ì¡C
©Ò¦³ì¨Ó¦b <filename>/A1</filename> ¤¤ªºÀÉ®×·|¼È®É³QÁôÂð_¨Ó¡Aª½¨ì
<literal>B</literal> ³Q¡u<firstterm>²¾°£
(unmounted)</firstterm>¡v«á¤~·|¦AÅã²{¥X¨Ó¡C</para>
<para>¦pªG <literal>B</literal> ±¾¸ü¦b <literal>A2</literal>
¤§¤W¡A«h·|Åܦ¨¡G</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="install/example-dir3" format="EPS">
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<literallayout class="monospaced"> /
|
+--- A1
|
`--- A2
|
+--- B1
|
`--- B2</literallayout>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>¤W±ªº¸ô®|¤À§O¬° <filename>/A2/B1</filename> ¤Î
<filename>/A2/B2</filename>¡C</para>
<para>Àɮרt²Î¥i¥H±¾¦b¨ä¥LÀɮרt²Îªº¥Ø¿ý¤§¤W¡C
©µÄò¤§«eªº¨Ò¤l¡A<literal>C</literal> Àɮרt²Î¥i¥H±¾¦bÀɮרt²Î
<literal>B</literal> ªº <literal>B1</literal> ¥Ø¿ý¤§¤W¡A¦p¹Ï©Ò¥Ü¡G
</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="install/example-dir4" format="EPS">
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<literallayout class="monospaced"> /
|
+--- A1
|
`--- A2
|
+--- B1
| |
| +--- C1
| |
| `--- C2
|
`--- B2</literallayout>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>©ÎªÌ <literal>C</literal> ª½±µ±¾¸ü©ó <literal>A</literal> ªº
<literal>A1</literal> ¥Ø¿ý¤§¤W¡G</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="install/example-dir5" format="EPS">
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<literallayout class="monospaced"> /
|
+--- A1
| |
| +--- C1
| |
| `--- C2
|
`--- A2
|
+--- B1
|
`--- B2</literallayout>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>¦pªG±z¼ô±x &ms-dos; ªº¸Ü¡A³o©M <command>join</command>
«ü¥O«ÜÃþ¦ü (ÁöµM¤£¾¨¬Û¦P)¡C</para>
<para>¤@¯ë±¡ªp¤U±z¤£»Ýn¾á¤ß³o¨ÇªF¦è¡C
°£«D±zn¦w¸Ë·sªººÏºÐ¡A¤£µM³q±`¦b±z¦w¸Ë FreeBSD
®É«Ø¥ß¦nÀɮרt²Î¨Ã¨M©w¦nn±¾¸ü¦b¦ó³B¤§«á´N¤£·|¦A°µ¥ô¦ó§ó°Ê¤F¡C</para>
<para>±z§¹¥þ¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î³æ¤@ªº¤@Ó¤jªº®ÚÀɮרt²Î (root file system)
¦Ó¤£«Ø¥ß¨ä¥LªºÀɮרt²Î¡C ³o¼Ë¦³¦n³B¤]¦³¦³Ãa³B¡C</para>
<itemizedlist>
<title>¨Ï¥Î¦hÓÀɮרt²Îªº¦n³B</title>
<listitem>
<para>¤£¦PªºÀɮרt²Î¦b±¾¤Wªº®ÉÔ¥i¥H¦³¤£¦Pªº<firstterm>±¾¸ü°Ñ¼Æ</firstterm>¡C
Á|¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡A¬°¨DÂÔ·V±z¥i¥H±N®ÚÀɮרt²Î³]¦¨°ßŪ¡A¥HÁקK¤£¤p¤ß§R°£©Îקﱼ«nªºÀɮסC
±N¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¥i¼g¤JªºÀɮרt²Î (¨Ò¦p <filename>/home</filename>)
¿W¥ß¥X¨Ó¤]¥i¥HÅý¥L̥Π<firstterm>nosuid</firstterm>
ªº°Ñ¼Æ±¾¸ü¡A¦¹¿ï¶µ¥i¥HÅý¦b³oÓÀɮרt²Î¤¤°õ¦æÀɪº
<firstterm>suid</firstterm>/<firstterm>guid</firstterm>
bits ¥¢®Ä¡A¤]³\¥i¥HÅý¨t²Î§ó¦w¥þ¡C</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>FreeBSD ·|¦Û°Ê®Ú¾Ú±zÀɮרt²Îªº¨Ï¥Î¤è¦¡¨Ó°µ³Ì¨ÎªºÀÉ®×°t¸m¤è¦¡¡C
¦]¦¹¡A¤@Ó¦³«Ü¦h¤pÀɮסB±`±`¼g¤JªºÀɮרt²Î¸ò¥u¦³´XÓ¸û¤jªºÀɮתºÀɮרt²Î°t¸m¬O¤£¤@¼Ëªº¡C ¦pªG±z¥u¦³³æ¤@¤@Ó¤jªºÀɮרt²Î¡A³o³¡¤À´N¨S¥Î¤F¡C</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>FreeBSD ªºÀɮרt²Î¦b°±¹qªº®ÉÔ«ÜéT¡C
µM¦Ó¡A¦b¬Y¨Ç«nªº®ÉÔ°±¹q¤´µM·|¹ïÀɮרt²Îµ²ºc³y¦¨·l®`¡C
¤À³Î¦¨³\¦hÓÀɮרt²Îªº¸Ü¦b¨t²Î¦b°±¹q«á¤ñ¸û¯à°÷¥¿±`±Ò°Ê¡A¥H«K±z¦b»Ýnªº®ÉÔ±N³Æ¥÷¸ê®Æ¦^¦s¦^¨Ó¡C</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<itemizedlist>
<title>¨Ï¥Î³æ¤@Àɮרt²Îªº¦n³B</title>
<listitem>
<para>Àɮרt²Îªº¤j¤p¬O©T©wªº¡C
±z·íªì¦w¸Ë FreeBSD
ªº®ÉÔÀ³¸Ó·|µ¹©w¤@Ó¤j¤p¡A¥i¬O«á¨Ó±z¥i¯à·|·Q§âªÅ¶¡¥[¤j¡C
¦pªG¨S¦³³Æ¥÷ªº¸Ü¬O«ÜÃø¹F¦¨ªº¡F
±z¥²¶·±NÀɮרt²Î«·s«Ø¥ß¬°±z»Ýnªº¤j¤p¡AµM«á±N³Æ¥÷¦^¦s¦^¨Ó¡C</para>
<important>
<para>FreeBSD 4.4 ¤§«áªºª©¥»¦³¤@Ó«ü¥O¡G &man.growfs.8;
¥i¥H¬ð¯}¦¹¨îª½±µÅܧóÀɮרt²Îªº¤j¤p¡C</para>
</important>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Àɮרt²Î¥]§t¦b¤À³Î°Ï¸Ì±¡C
¦]¬° &os; ©Óŧ &unix ¬[ºc¡A³oÃäÁ¿ªº¤À³Î°Ï©M¤@¯ë´£¨ìªº¤À³Î°Ï
(¨Ò¦p &ms-dos; ¤À³Î°Ï) ¤£¦P¡C ¨C¤@Ó¤À³Î°Ï¥Ñ¤@Ó¥N¸¹(¦r¥À)ªí¥Ü¡A±q
<literal>a</literal> ¨ì <literal>h</literal>¡C
¨CÓ¤À³Î°Ï¥u¯à¥]§t¤@ÓÀɮרt²Î¡C
¦]¦¹°£¤F»¡±`¨£¨ì¥ÎÀɮרt²Î¦Pªº±¾¸üÂI¨Óªí¥ÜÀɮרt²Î¥~¡A¤]¥i¥H¥Î¥]§t¥Lªº¤À³Î°Ï¥N¸¹¨Óªí¥Ü¡C</para>
<para>FreeBSD ¤]·|®³ºÏºÐªÅ¶¡¨Ó·í <firstterm>swap space</firstterm>¡C
Swap space µ¹ FreeBSD ·í§@<firstterm>µêÀÀ°O¾ÐÅé</firstterm>¥Î¡C
³oÅý±zªº¹q¸£¦n¹³¾Ö¦³¤ñ¹ê»Ú§ó¦hªº°O¾ÐÅé¡C
·í FreeBSD ªº°O¾ÐÅé¥Î§¹ªº®ÉÔ¡A¥¦·|§â¤@¨Ç¥Ø«e¨S¥Î¨ìªº¸ê®Æ²¾¨ì
swap space¡AµM«á¦b¥Î¨ìªº®ÉÔ²¾¦^¥h (¦P®É²¾¥X³¡¥÷¨S¥Î¨ìªº)¡C</para>
<para>¬Y¨Ç¤À³Î°Ï¦³ºD¨Òªº¨Ï¥Î¤è¦¡¦p¤U¡G</para>
<informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colwidth="1*">
<colspec colwidth="5*">
<thead>
<row>
<entry>¤À³Î°Ï</entry>
<entry>ºD¨Ò</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<row>
<entry><literal>a</literal></entry>
<entry>³q±`¥]§t®ÚÀɮרt²Î (root file system)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>b</literal></entry>
<entry>³q±`¬O swap space</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>c</literal></entry>
<entry>³q±`©M¾ãÓ slice ªº¤j¤p¤@¼Ë¡Aµ¹¤@¨Ç·|¥Î¨ì¾ãÓ slice
ªº¤u¨ãµ{¦¡ (¨Ò¦pµwºÐÃayÀˬd¤u¨ã) ¨Ó¨Ï¥Î¡C
¤@¯ë¨Ó»¡±zÀ³¸Ó¤£·|§âÀɮרt²Î«Ø¥ß¦b³oÓ¤À³Î°Ï¡C</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>d</literal></entry>
<entry>¤À³Î°Ï <literal>d</literal>
´¿¸g¦³¥Nªí¯S®í·N¸q¡A¦ý¬O¤w¸g¤£¦A¨Ï¥Î¡C
©Ò¥H²{¦b <literal>d</literal>
´N©M¨ä¥L¤@¯ëªº¤À³Î°Ï¬Û¦P¤F¡C</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>¨CÓ¥]§t¦³Àɮרt²Îªº¤À³Î°Ï¬O¦s¦b©Ò¿×ªº
<firstterm>slice</firstterm> ¸Ì±¡C
FreeBSD ªº slice ´N¬O«ü¥±`§Ú̺٬°¤À³Î°Ï (partition) ªºªF¦è¡C
¦P¼Ë¦a¡A·|³o¼Ë¤lºÙ©I¤]¬O¦]¬° FreeBSD ªº &unix; ¦â±m¡C
¦Ó slice ¬O¦³½s¸¹ªº¡A±q 1 ¸¹½s¨ì 4 ¸¹¡C</para>
<indexterm><primary>slices</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>partitions</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>dangerously dedicated</primary></indexterm>
<para>slice ¸¹½X¸ò¦b¸Ë¸m¦WºÙ«á±¡A¥ý±µ¤@Ó¦r¥À
<literal>s</literal>¡AµM«á±q 1 ¸¹¶}©l½s¤U¥h¡C
¦]¦¹ <quote>da0<emphasis>s1</emphasis></quote> ´N¬O«ü²Ä¤@Ó SCSI
µwºÐªº²Ä¤@Ó slice¡C ¤@ӺϺФW¥u¯à¦³¥|Ó¹êÅ骺 slice¡A¦ý¬O¦b¹êÅ骺
slice ¤¤±z¥i¥H¶ë¶i¾A·íÃþ«¬ªºÅÞ¿è slice¡C ³o¨Ç©µ¦ùªº slice ½s¸¹±q 5
¶}©l¡A©Ò¥H <quote>ad0<emphasis>s5</emphasis></quote> ¬O²Ä¤@Ó IDE
µwºÐ¤Wªº²Ä¤@Ó©µ¦ù slice¡C Àɮרt²Î¦b¸Ë¸m (device) ¸Ì´N¬O¦b¤@Ó slice
¤§¤¤¡C</para>
<para>Slices¡B<quote>dangerously dedicated</quote>
¼Ò¦¡ªº¹êÅéºÏºÐ¾÷¡A¥H¤Î¨ä¥L¥]§t<firstterm>¤À³Î°Ï</firstterm>ªººÏºÐ³£¬O¥H¦r¥À
<literal>a</literal>¨ì¦r¥À<literal>h</literal>ªº½s¸¹¨Óªí¥Ü¡C
½s¸¹¬O±µ¦b¸Ë¸m¦WºÙªº«á±ªº¡A¦]¦¹
<quote>da0<emphasis>a</emphasis></quote> ¬OºÏºÐ¾÷ da ¤Wªº²Ä¤@Ó
<quote>dangerously dedicated</quote>¼Ò¦¡¤§¤À³Î°Ï¡C
¦Ó <quote>ad1s3<emphasis>e</emphasis></quote>
«h¬O²Ä¤GÁû IDE µwºÐ¤W²Ä¤TÓ slice ªº²Ä¤Ó¤À³Î°Ï¡C</para>
<para>³Ì«á¡A§ÚÌ´N¥i¥H§â¨t²Î¤Wªº¨CӺϺг£°Ï¤À¥X¨Ó¤F¡C
¤@ӺϺЪº¦WºÙ·|¦³¤@Ó¥N½X¨Óªí¥Ü³oӺϺЪºÃþ«¬¡A±µµÛ¬O¤@ӼƦr¡Aªí¥Ü³o¬Oþ¤@ӺϺСC
³oÃä¸ò slice ¨CӺϺнs¸¹±q 0 ¶}©l¤£¤@¼Ë¡C
±`¨£ªº¥N½X¥i¥H°Ñ¦Ò <xref linkend="basics-dev-codes">.</para>
<para>·ín°Ñ·Ó¤@Ó¤À³Î°Ïªº®ÉÔ¡AFreeBSD »Ýn±z¤@¨Ö¿é¤J¥]§t³oÓ¤À³Î°Ïªº
slice ¤ÎºÏºÐ¾÷¦WºÙ¡F·ín°Ñ·Ó¤@Ó slice ªº®ÉÔ¡A¤]¥²¶·¿é¤J¥]§t³oÓ
slice ªººÏºÐ¦WºÙ¡C «ç»ò°µ©O¡H º¥ý¥ý¦C¥XºÏºÐ¦WºÙ¡AµM«á
<literal>s</literal> ¥[¤W slice ½s¸¹¡A³Ì«á¦A¿é¤J¤À³Î°Ï¦r¥À¥N¸¹¡C
½d¨Ò¥i¥H°Ñ¦Ò <xref linkend="basics-disk-slice-part">.</para>
<para><xref linkend="basics-concept-disk-model">
¥Ü½d¤F¤@Ó°ò¥»ªººÏºÐ¤À¥¬¼Ò¦¡¡A¬Û«H¹ï±z¦³¨ÇÀ°§U¡C</para>
<para>n¦w¸Ë FreeBSD¡A±z¥²¶·¥ý«Ø¸mºÏºÐªº slice¡A±µµÛ©ó slice ¤¤«Ø¥ßnµ¹
FreeBSD ¥Îªº¤À³Î°Ï¡C ³Ì«á¦b³o¨Ç¤À³Î°Ï¤¤«Ø¥ßÀɮרt²Î (©Î swap space)
¨Ã¨M©wn±N³o¨ÇÀɮרt²Î±¾¸ü©óþ¸Ì¡C</para>
<table frame="none" pgwide="1" id="basics-dev-codes">
<title>ºÏºÐ¾÷¥N½X</title>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colwidth="1*">
<colspec colwidth="5*">
<thead>
<row>
<entry>¥N½X</entry>
<entry>·N¸q</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><devicename>ad</devicename></entry>
<entry>ATAPI (IDE) ºÏºÐ¾÷</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><devicename>da</devicename></entry>
<entry>SCSI ª½±µ¦s¨úºÏºÐ¾÷</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><devicename>acd</devicename></entry>
<entry>ATAPI (IDE) ¥úºÐ¾÷</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><devicename>cd</devicename></entry>
<entry>SCSI ¥úºÐ¾÷</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><devicename>fd</devicename></entry>
<entry>³nºÐ¾÷</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<example id="basics-disk-slice-part">
<title>ºÏºÐ¡Bslice ¤Î¤À³Î°Ï©R¦W½d¨Ò</title>
<informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colwidth="1*">
<colspec colwidth="5*">
<thead>
<row>
<entry>¦WºÙ</entry>
<entry>·N¸q</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><literal>ad0s1a</literal></entry>
<entry>²Ä¤@Ó IDE µwºÐ (<literal>ad0</literal>) ¤W²Ä¤@Ó slice
(<literal>s1</literal>) ªº²Ä¤@Ó¤À³Î°Ï (<literal>a</literal>)¡C
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>da1s2e</literal></entry>
<entry>²Ä¤GÓ SCSI µwºÐ (<literal>da1</literal>) ¤W²Ä¤GÓ slice
(<literal>s2</literal>) ªº²Ä¤Ó¤À³Î°Ï (<literal>e</literal>)¡C
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</example>
<example id="basics-concept-disk-model">
<title>ºÏºÐªº·§©À¼Ò«¬</title>
<para>¦¹¹ÏÅã¥Ü FreeBSD ¤¤±µ¨ì¨t²Îªº²Ä¤@Ó IDE ºÏºÐ¾÷¤º³¡°t¸m¹Ï¡C
°²³]³oӺϺЪº®e¶q¬O 4 GB¡A¨Ã¥B¥]§t¤F¨âÓ 2 GB ªº slice
(&ms-dos; ªº¤À³Î°Ï)¡C ²Ä¤@Ó slice ¬O DOS ªº
<devicename>C:</devicename> ºÏºÐ¾÷¡A²Ä¤GÓ«h¦w¸Ë¤F FreeBSD¡C
¥»½d¨Ò¤§ FreeBSD ¦³¤TÓ¤À³Î°Ï¥H¤Î¤@Ó swap ¤À³Î°Ï¡C</para>
<para>³o¤TÓ¤À³Î°Ï¨CÓ³£¬O¤@ÓÀɮרt²Î¡C
<literal>a</literal> ¤À³Î¬O®Ú (root) Àɮרt²Î¡F¤À³Î
<literal>e</literal> ¬O <filename>/var</filename>¡F¦Ó
<literal>f</literal> ¤À³Î¬O <filename>/usr</filename>
¥Ø¿ýµ²ºc¡C</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="install/disk-layout" format="EPS">
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<literallayout class="monospaced">.-----------------. --.
| | |
| DOS / Windows | |
: : > First slice, ad0s1
: : |
| | |
:=================: ==: --.
| | | Partition a, mounted as / |
| | > referred to as ad0s2a |
| | | |
:-----------------: ==: |
| | | Partition b, used as swap |
| | > referred to as ad0s2b |
| | | |
:-----------------: ==: | Partition c, no
| | | Partition e, used as /var > file system, all
| | > referred to as ad0s2e | of FreeBSD slice,
| | | | ad0s2c
:-----------------: ==: |
| | | |
: : | Partition f, used as /usr |
: : > referred to as ad0s2f |
: : | |
| | | |
| | --' |
`-----------------' --'</literallayout>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</example>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="mount-unmount">
<title>±¾¸ü»P¨ø¸üÀɮרt²Î</title>
<para>Àɮרt²Î´N¹³¤@Áû¾ð¡C <filename>/</filename>
´N¹³¬O¾ð®Ú¡A¦Ó <filename>/dev</filename>¡A<filename>/usr</filename>
¥H¤Î¨ä¥L¦b®Ú¥Ø¿ý¤Uªº¥Ø¿ý´N¹³¬O¾ðªK¡A¦Ó³o¨Ç¾ðªK¤W±¤SÁÙ¦³¤À¤ä¡A¹³¬O
<filename>/usr/local</filename> 杭C</para>
<indexterm><primary>®ÚÀɮרt²Î</primary></indexterm>
<para> ¦]¬°¬Y¨Çì¦]¡A§ÚÌ·|±N¤@¨Ç¥Ø¿ý¤À§O©ñ¦b¤£¦PªºÀɮרt²Î¤W¡C
¦p <filename>/var</filename> ¥]§t¤F¥i¯à·|º¡¥X¨Óªº
<filename>log/</filename>¡A<filename>spool/</filename>
µ¥¥Ø¿ý¥H¤Î¦U¦¡¦U¼Ëªº¼È¦sÀÉ¡C
§â®ÚÀɮרt²Î¶ë¨ìº¡¥X¨ÓÅãµM¤£¬OÓ¦n¥D·N¡A©Ò¥H§ÚÌ©¹©¹·|¤ñ¸û¶É¦V§â
<filename>/var</filename> ±q <filename>/</filename> ¤¤©Ô¥X¨Ó¡C</para>
<para>¥t¤@Ó±`¨£¨ì§â¬Y¨Ç¥Ø¿ý©ñ¦b¤£¦PÀɮרt²Î¤Wªº²z¥Ñ¬O¡G
³o¨ÇÀɮצb¤£¦Pªº¹êÅé©ÎµêÀÀºÏºÐ¾÷¤W¡C
¹³¬O<link linkend="network-nfs">ºô¸ôÀɮרt²Î</link>
(Network File System) ©Î¬O¥úºÐ¾÷¡C</para>
<sect2 id="disks-fstab">
<title> <filename>fstab</filename> ÀÉ</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Àɮרt²Î file systems</primary>
<secondary>¥Ñfstab±¾¸ü mounted with fstab</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>¦b <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>
¸Ì±¦³³]©wªºÀɮרt²Î·|¦b<link linkend="boot">¶}¾÷</link>ªº¹Lµ{¤¤¦Û°Ê¦a³Q±¾¸ü
(°£«D¸ÓÀɮרt²Î¦³³Q¥[¤W <option>noauto</option> °Ñ¼Æ)¡C</para>
<para><filename>/etc/fstab</filename> Àɮפº®eªº®æ¦¡¦p¤U¡G</para>
<programlisting><replaceable>device</replaceable> <replaceable>/mount-point</replaceable> <replaceable>fstype</replaceable> <replaceable>options</replaceable> <replaceable>dumpfreq</replaceable> <replaceable>passno</replaceable></programlisting>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>device</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>¸Ë¸m¦WºÙ (¸Ó¸Ë¸m¥²¶·¯uªº¦s¦b)¡C ¸Ô±¡½Ð°Ñ¾\
<xref linkend="disks-naming">.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>mount-point</literal></term>
<listitem><para>Àɮרt²În±¾¸ü¨ìªº¥Ø¿ý (¸Ó¥Ø¿ý¥²¶·¯uªº¦s¦b)¡C</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>fstype</literal></term>
<listitem><para>Àɮרt²ÎÃþ«¬¡A³o¬On¶Çµ¹ &man.mount.8; ªº°Ñ¼Æ¡C
FreeBSD ¹w³]ªºÀɮרt²Î¬O <literal>ufs</literal>¡C</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>options</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para> ¥iŪ¥i¼gªºÀɮרt²Î¥Î
<option>rw</option>¡A¦Ó°ßŪªºÀɮרt²Î«h¬O¥Î
<option>ro</option>¡A«á±µø»ÝnÁÙ¥i¥H¥[¨ä¥L¿ï¶µ¡C
±`¨£ªº¿ï¶µ¦p <option>noauto</option>
¬O¥Î¦b¤£n©ó¶}¾÷¹Lµ{¤¤¦Û°Êªº±¾¸üªºÀɮרt²Î¡C
¨ä¥L§ó¦hªº¿ï¶µ¥i¥H¦b &man.mount.8; ¸Ì±§ä¨ì¡C</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>dumpfreq</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para> &man.dump.8; ¥Ñ¦¹¶µ¥Ø¨M©w¨º¨ÇÀɮרt²Î»Ýn¶É¦L¡C
¦pªG³o®æªÅ¥Õ«h¥H¹s¬°¹w³]È¡C</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>passno</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>³oÓ¶µ¥Ø¨M©wÀɮרt²ÎÀˬdªº¶¶§Ç¡C
¹ï©ón¸õ¹LÀˬdªºÀɮרt²Î¡A¥¦Ìªº <literal>passno</literal>
Èn³]¬°¹s¡C ®ÚÀɮרt²Îªº <literal>passno</literal> ÈÀ³³]¬°¤@
(¦]¬°»Ýn¤ñ©Ò¦³¨ä¥LªºÁÙn¥ýÀˬd)¡A¦Ó¨ä¥LªºÀɮרt²Îªº
<literal>passno</literal> ÈÀ³¸Ón³]±o¤ñ¤@¤j¡C
Y¦³¦hÓÀɮרt²Î¨ã¦³¬Û¦Pªº <literal>passno</literal> È¡A«h
&man.fsck.8; ·|¸ÕµÛ¥¦æ¦a(¦pªG¥i¯àªº¸Ü)Àˬd³o¨ÇÀɮרt²Î¡C
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>§ó¦hÃö©ó <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>
Àɮ׮榡¤Î¿ï¶µªº¸ê°T½Ð°Ñ¾\ &man.fstab.5; »¡©ú¤å¥ó¡C</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="disks-mount">
<title><command>mount</command> «ü¥O</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Àɮרt²Î file systems</primary>
<secondary>±¾¸ü mounting</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para> &man.mount.8; «ü¥O¬O®³¨Ó±¾¸üÀɮרt²Î¥Îªº¡C</para>
<para>°ò¥»ªº¾Þ§@«ü¥O®æ¦¡¦p¤U:</para>
<informalexample>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount <replaceable>device</replaceable> <replaceable>mountpoint</replaceable></userinput></screen>
</informalexample>
<para>¦b &man.mount.8;
¸Ì±¦³´£¨ì¤@¤j°ïªº¿ï¶µ¡A¤£¹L³Ì±`¥Îªº´N¬O³o¨Ç¡G</para>
<variablelist>
<title>±¾¸ü¿ï¶µ</title>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-a</option></term>
<listitem>
<para> §â <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>
¸Ì±©Ò¦³ÁÙ¨S¦³³Q±¾¸ü¡B¨S¦³³Q¼Ð°O¦¨ <quote>noauto</quote>
¦Ó¥B¨S¦³¥Î <option>-t</option> ±Æ°£ªºÀɮרt²Î±¾¸ü°_¨Ó¡C</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-d</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>°õ¦æ©Ò¦³ªº°Ê§@¡A¦ý¬O¤£¯uªº¥h©I¥s±¾¸üªº system call¡C
³oӿﶵ©M <option>-v</option> ·f°t®³¨Ó±À´ú &man.mount.8;
±Nn°µ¤°»ò°Ê§@®É«Ü¦n¥Î¡C</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-f</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>±j¢±¾¸ü¤£°®²bªºÀɮרt²Î (¦MÀI)¡A©Î¬O¥Î¨Ó±j¨î¨ú®ø¼g¤JÅv
(§âÀɮרt²Îªº±¾¸üª¬ºA±q¥i¦s¨úÅܦ¨°ßŪ)¡C</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-r</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>¥Î°ßŪªº¤è¦¡±¾¸üÀɮרt²Î¡C ³oӿﶵ©M¦b <option>-o</option>
¿ï¶µ¤¤«ü©w <option>ro</option> (¦b &os; 5.2¤§«eªºª©¥»¬O¥Î
<option>rdonly</option>) °Ñ¼Æ¬O¤@¼Ëªº¡C</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-t</option>
<replaceable>fstype</replaceable></term>
<listitem>
<para> ¥Î«ü©wªºÀɮרt²Î«¬ºA (fstype)
¨Ó±¾¸ü«ü©wªºÀɮרt²Î¡A©Î¬O¦b¦³ <option>-a</option>
¿ï¶µ®É¥u±¾¸ü«ü©w«¬ºAªºÀɮרt²Î¡C</para>
<para>¹w³]ªºÀɮרt²Î¬O <quote>ufs</quote>¡C</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-u</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>§ó·sÀɮרt²Îªº±¾¸ü¿ï¶µ¡C</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-v</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Åã¥Ü¸û¸Ô²Ó¸ê°T¡C</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-w</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>¥H¥i¦s¨úªº¼Ò¦¡±¾¸üÀɮרt²Î¡C</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <option>-o</option>
¿ï¶µ«á±±µµÛ¥Ñ³r¸¹¤À¹jªº°Ñ¼Æ¦Cªí¡A¨Ò¦p³o¨Ç°Ñ¼Æ¡G</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>nodev</term>
<listitem>
<para>¤£¸ÑªRÀɮרt²Î¤Wªº¯S®í¸Ë¸m¡A³o¬O¤@ÓÆZ¦³¥Îªº¦w¥þ¿ï¶µ¡C</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>noexec</term>
<listitem>
<para>¤£¤¹³\¦b³oÓÀɮרt²Î¤W°õ¦æ¤G¶i¦ìµ{¦¡½X¡A³o¤]¬O¤@ÓÆZ¦³¥Îªº¦w¥þ¿ï¶µ¡C</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>nosuid</term>
<listitem>
<para>¤£¸ÑªRÀɮרt²Î¤Wªº setuid ©Î setgid ºX¼Ð¡A³o¤]¬O¤@ÓÆZ¦³¥Îªº¦w¥þ¿ï¶µ¡C</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="disks-umount">
<title><command>umount</command> «ü¥O</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Àɮרt²Î file systems</primary>
<secondary>¨ø¸ü unmounting</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>&man.umount.8; «ü¥Oªº°Ñ¼Æ¥i¥H¬O±¾¸üÂI
(mountpoint)¡A¸Ë¸m¦WºÙ¡A¥H¤Î <option>-a</option> ©Î¬O
<option>-A</option> µ¥¿ï¶µ¡C</para>
<para>¥[¤W <option>-f</option> ¥i¥H±j¨î¨ø¸ü¡A¥[¤W <option>-v</option>
«h¬O·|Åã¥Ü¸Ô²Ó¸ê°T¡C nª`·Nªº¬O¤@¯ë¨Ó»¡¥Î <option>-f</option>
¨Ã¤£¬OÓ¦n¥D·N¡A±j¨î¨ø¸üÀɮרt²Î¦³¥i¯à·|³y¦¨¹q¸£·í¾÷©Î¬O·lÃaÀɮרt²Î¤ºªº¸ê®Æ¡C</para>
<para><option>-a</option> ©M <option>-A</option>
¬O¥Î¨Ó¨ø¸ü©Ò¦³¤w±¾¸üªºÀɮרt²Î¡A¥t¥~ÁÙ¥i¥H¥Î <option>-t</option>
¨Ó«ü©wn¨ø¸üªº¬Oþ¨ÇºØÃþªºÀɮרt²Î¡C nª`·Nªº¬O <option>-A</option>
¨Ã¤£·|¸Õ¹Ï¨ø¸ü®ÚÀɮרt²Î¡C</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="basics-processes">
<title>µ{§Ç</title>
<para>FreeBSD ¬O¤@Ó¦h¤uªº§@·~¨t²Î¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¦b¦P¤@®É¶¡¤º¥i¥H¶]¶W¹L¤@Óµ{¦¡¡C
¨C¤@Ó¥¿¦bªá®É¶¡¶]ªºµ{¦¡´N¥s°µ <firstterm>µ{§Ç (process)</firstterm>¡C
±z¤Uªº¨CÓ«ü¥O³£¦Ü¤Ö·|¶}±Ò¤@Ó·sªºµ{§Ç¡A¦Ó¦³¨Ç¨t²Îµ{§Ç¬O¤@ª½¦b¶]¥Hºû«ù¨t²Î¥¿±`¹B§@ªº¡C</para>
<para>¨C¤@Óµ{§Ç³£¦³¤@Ó¤£«ÂЪº¼Æ¦r¥s°µ <firstterm>process ID
</firstterm>¡A©ÎºÙ¬° <firstterm>PID
</firstterm>¡A¦Ó¥B´N¹³Àɮפ@¼Ë¡A¨C¤@Óµ{§Ç¤]¦³¾Ö¦³ªÌ¤Î¸s²Õ¡C
¾Ö¦³ªÌ¤Î¸s²Õªº¸ê°T¬O¥Î¨Ó¨M©w¤°»òÀɮשθ˸m¬O³oÓµ{§Ç¥i¥H¶}±Òªº
(«e±¦³´£¨ì¹LÀÉ®×Åv)¡C ¤j³¡¥÷ªºµ{§Ç³£¦³¤÷µ{§Ç¡C
¤÷µ{§Ç¬O¶}±Ò³oÓµ{§Çªºµ{§Ç¡A¨Ò¦p¡G±z¹ï shell ¿é¤J«ü¥O¡Ashell
¥»¨´N¬O¤@Óµ{§Ç¡A¦Ó±z°õ¦æªº«ü¥O¤]¬Oµ{§Ç¡C
¨C¤@Ó±z¥Î³oºØ¤è¦¡¶]ªºµ{§Çªº¤÷µ{§Ç³£¬O shell¡C
¦³¤@Ó¯S§Oªºµ{§Ç¥s°µ &man.init.8; ¬OÓ¨Ò¥~¡C <command>init</command>
¥Ã»·¬O²Ä¤@Óµ{§Ç¡A©Ò¥H¥Lªº PID ¤@ª½³£·|¬O 1¡C ¦b FreeBSD ¶}¾÷ªº®ÉÔ
<command>init</command> ·|¦Û°Ê¦a³Q kernel ¶}±Ò¡C</para>
<para> n¬Ý¨t²Î°õ¦æ¤¤ªºµ{§Ç¡A¦³¨âÓ¬Û·í¦³¥Îªº«ü¥O¥i¥Î¡G
&man.ps.1; ¥H¤Î &man.top.1;¡C<command>ps</command>
«ü¥O¬O¥Î¨Ó¦C¥X¥¿¦b°õ¦