The strangeness called `sbin'
Gleb Kurtsou
gleb.kurtsou at gmail.com
Fri Nov 11 12:07:19 UTC 2011
On (11/11/2011 11:46), Ed Schouten wrote:
> Hi Peter,
>
> * Peter Wemm <peter at wemm.org>, 20111110 19:43:
> > repeated shell startup (think: system(3)), or sh -c "somecommand"
>
> I have done some testing and it seems we have little to worry about, in
> my opinion. I have written a small script that copies the `true' binary
> to each of the directories specified in $PATH and executes it 100.000
> times. I have executed these tests on an installation where sbin is
> still separate and one where it is merged. Also, I've used both a $PATH
> variable that contains /sbin and one where it is removed.
It's not clear if you used sbin symlinks in tests, no script attached.
It's VOP_READLINK overhead we should care about. All entries (incl
negative cache) will be cached by VFS under bin/. I presume difference
to be negligible and support the change.
sbin/something lookup:
vp0 = VOP_LOOKUP(sbin) (may be cached)
VOP_READLINK(vp0)
vp1 = VOP_LOOKUP(bin) (may be cached)
vp2 = VOP_LOOKUP(something) (may be cached)
>
> Observations:
> - Indeed, the running time increases when the binary to be executed is
> in a directory that is placed farther to the end of $PATH.
> - Redundant directories in $PATH do cause some overhead.
> - When we merge sbin with bin and the user properly removes sbin from
> his/her PATH variable, things get slightly faster than they used to
> be.
> - When the user forgets to do so, the results are slightly worse than
> before.
>
> Of course, this was just a quick way of testing things. If people want
> to do more thorough tests, be my guest. I have attached an updated
> version of my patch, the script I used to do the benchmark and the
> results I have obtained.
>
> --
> Ed Schouten <ed at 80386.nl>
> WWW: http://80386.nl/
> Index: secure/usr.sbin/Makefile.inc
> ===================================================================
> --- secure/usr.sbin/Makefile.inc (revision 227417)
> +++ secure/usr.sbin/Makefile.inc (working copy)
> @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
> # $FreeBSD$
>
> -BINDIR?= /usr/sbin
> +BINDIR?= /usr/bin
>
> .include "../Makefile.inc"
> Index: games/Makefile.inc
> ===================================================================
> --- games/Makefile.inc (revision 227417)
> +++ games/Makefile.inc (working copy)
> @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
> # @(#)Makefile.inc 8.1 (Berkeley) 5/31/93
> # $FreeBSD$
>
> -BINDIR?= /usr/games
> +BINDIR?= /usr/bin
> FILESDIR?= ${SHAREDIR}/games
> WARNS?= 6
> DISTRIBUTION?= games
> Index: tools/tools/cxgbtool/Makefile
> ===================================================================
> --- tools/tools/cxgbtool/Makefile (revision 227417)
> +++ tools/tools/cxgbtool/Makefile (working copy)
> @@ -5,6 +5,6 @@
> NO_MAN=
> CFLAGS+= -I${.CURDIR}/../../../sys/dev/cxgb -I.
> CFLAGS+= -DCONFIG_T3_REGS -DCHELSIO_INTERNAL
> -BINDIR?= /usr/sbin
> +BINDIR?= /usr/bin
>
> .include <bsd.prog.mk>
> Index: tools/tools/vimage/Makefile
> ===================================================================
> --- tools/tools/vimage/Makefile (revision 227417)
> +++ tools/tools/vimage/Makefile (working copy)
> @@ -9,6 +9,6 @@
>
> MAN= vimage.8
>
> -BINDIR?= /usr/sbin
> +BINDIR?= /usr/bin
>
> .include <bsd.prog.mk>
> Index: tools/tools/cxgbetool/Makefile
> ===================================================================
> --- tools/tools/cxgbetool/Makefile (revision 227417)
> +++ tools/tools/cxgbetool/Makefile (working copy)
> @@ -4,6 +4,6 @@
> SRCS= cxgbetool.c
> NO_MAN=
> CFLAGS+= -I${.CURDIR}/../../../sys/dev/cxgbe -I.
> -BINDIR?= /usr/sbin
> +BINDIR?= /usr/bin
>
> .include <bsd.prog.mk>
> Index: kerberos5/usr.sbin/Makefile.inc
> ===================================================================
> --- kerberos5/usr.sbin/Makefile.inc (revision 227417)
> +++ kerberos5/usr.sbin/Makefile.inc (working copy)
> @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
> # $FreeBSD$
>
> -BINDIR= /usr/sbin
> +BINDIR= /usr/bin
>
> .include "../Makefile.inc"
> Index: share/man/man7/hier.7
> ===================================================================
> --- share/man/man7/hier.7 (revision 227417)
> +++ share/man/man7/hier.7 (working copy)
> @@ -145,8 +145,6 @@
> .It Pa /lib/
> critical system libraries needed for binaries in
> .Pa /bin
> -and
> -.Pa /sbin
> .Pp
> .Bl -tag -width ".Pa geom/" -compact
> .It Pa geom/
> @@ -157,8 +155,6 @@
> .It Pa /libexec/
> critical system utilities needed for binaries in
> .Pa /bin
> -and
> -.Pa /sbin
> .It Pa /media/
> contains subdirectories to be used as mount points
> for removable media such as CDs, USB drives, and
> @@ -176,9 +172,6 @@
> .Xr rescue 8
> .It Pa /root/
> root's HOME directory
> -.It Pa /sbin/
> -system programs and administration utilities
> -fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
> .It Pa /tmp/
> temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
> .It Pa /usr/
> @@ -192,8 +185,6 @@
> such as Linux
> (created by
> .Xr sysinstall 8 )
> -.It Pa games/
> -useful and semi-frivolous programs
> .It Pa include/
> standard C include files
> .Pp
> @@ -462,8 +453,6 @@
> The
> .Fx
> ports collection (optional).
> -.It Pa sbin/
> -system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
> .It Pa share/
> architecture-independent files
> .Pp
> @@ -645,8 +634,6 @@
> source code for contributed cryptography software
> .It Pa etc/
> source code for files in /etc
> -.It Pa games/
> -source code for files in /usr/games
> .It Pa gnu/
> Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
> .It Pa include/
> @@ -661,8 +648,6 @@
> files required to produce a
> .Fx
> release
> -.It Pa sbin/
> -source code for files in /sbin
> .It Pa secure/
> build directory for files in /usr/src/crypto
> .It Pa share/
> @@ -674,8 +659,6 @@
> .Fx
> .It Pa usr.bin/
> source code for files in /usr/bin
> -.It Pa usr.sbin/
> -source code for files in /usr/sbin
> .El
> .El
> .It Pa /var/
> Index: usr.sbin/tcpdump/Makefile.inc
> ===================================================================
> --- usr.sbin/tcpdump/Makefile.inc (revision 227417)
> +++ usr.sbin/tcpdump/Makefile.inc (working copy)
> @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
> # @(#)Makefile.inc 5.1 (Berkeley) 5/11/90
> # $FreeBSD$
>
> -BINDIR?= /usr/sbin
> +BINDIR?= /usr/bin
>
> WARNS?= 3
> Index: usr.sbin/Makefile.inc
> ===================================================================
> --- usr.sbin/Makefile.inc (revision 227417)
> +++ usr.sbin/Makefile.inc (working copy)
> @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
> # @(#)Makefile.inc 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
> # $FreeBSD$
>
> -BINDIR?= /usr/sbin
> +BINDIR?= /usr/bin
>
> WARNS?= 6
> Index: usr.sbin/bootparamd/Makefile.inc
> ===================================================================
> --- usr.sbin/bootparamd/Makefile.inc (revision 227417)
> +++ usr.sbin/bootparamd/Makefile.inc (working copy)
> @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
> # @(#)Makefile.inc 5.1 (Berkeley) 5/11/90
> # $FreeBSD$
>
> -BINDIR?= /usr/sbin
> +BINDIR?= /usr/bin
>
> WARNS?= 2
> Index: usr.sbin/wpa/Makefile.inc
> ===================================================================
> --- usr.sbin/wpa/Makefile.inc (revision 227417)
> +++ usr.sbin/wpa/Makefile.inc (working copy)
> @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
> # $FreeBSD$
>
> -BINDIR?= /usr/sbin
> +BINDIR?= /usr/bin
>
> WPA_DISTDIR?= ${.CURDIR}/../../../contrib/wpa/
> WPA_SUPPLICANT_DISTDIR?=${WPA_DISTDIR}/wpa_supplicant
> Index: usr.sbin/mailwrapper/Makefile
> ===================================================================
> --- usr.sbin/mailwrapper/Makefile (revision 227417)
> +++ usr.sbin/mailwrapper/Makefile (working copy)
> @@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
> .endif
>
> .if ${MK_MAILWRAPPER} != "no" || ${MK_SENDMAIL} != "no"
> -SYMLINKS= ${BINDIR}/mailwrapper /usr/sbin/sendmail \
> - ${BINDIR}/mailwrapper /usr/sbin/hoststat \
> - ${BINDIR}/mailwrapper /usr/sbin/purgestat \
> - ${BINDIR}/mailwrapper /usr/bin/newaliases \
> - ${BINDIR}/mailwrapper /usr/bin/mailq
> +SYMLINKS= mailwrapper ${BINDIR}/sendmail \
> + mailwrapper ${BINDIR}/hoststat \
> + mailwrapper ${BINDIR}/purgestat \
> + mailwrapper ${BINDIR}/newaliases \
> + mailwrapper ${BINDIR}/mailq
>
> .if ${MK_MAILWRAPPER} == "no" && ${MK_SENDMAIL} != "no"
> SYMLINKS+= /usr/libexec/sendmail/sendmail ${BINDIR}/mailwrapper
> Index: usr.sbin/nologin/Makefile
> ===================================================================
> --- usr.sbin/nologin/Makefile (revision 227417)
> +++ usr.sbin/nologin/Makefile (working copy)
> @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
> PROG= nologin
> MAN= nologin.5 nologin.8
>
> -SYMLINKS= ${BINDIR}/nologin /sbin/nologin
> +SYMLINKS= ${BINDIR}/nologin /bin/nologin
>
> # It is important that nologin be statically linked for security
> # reasons. A dynamic non-setuid binary can be linked against a trojan
> Index: include/paths.h
> ===================================================================
> --- include/paths.h (revision 227417)
> +++ include/paths.h (working copy)
> @@ -38,9 +38,9 @@
> /* Default search path. */
> #define _PATH_DEFPATH "/usr/bin:/bin"
> /* All standard utilities path. */
> -#define _PATH_STDPATH "/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin"
> +#define _PATH_STDPATH "/usr/bin:/bin"
> /* Locate system binaries. */
> -#define _PATH_SYSPATH "/sbin:/usr/sbin"
> +#define _PATH_SYSPATH "/bin:/usr/bin"
>
> #define _PATH_AUTHCONF "/etc/auth.conf"
> #define _PATH_BSHELL "/bin/sh"
> @@ -58,31 +58,31 @@
> #define _PATH_ETC "/etc"
> #define _PATH_FTPUSERS "/etc/ftpusers"
> #define _PATH_FWMEM "/dev/fwmem"
> -#define _PATH_HALT "/sbin/halt"
> +#define _PATH_HALT "/bin/halt"
> #ifdef COMPAT_32BIT
> #define _PATH_I18NMODULE "/usr/lib32/i18n"
> #else
> #define _PATH_I18NMODULE "/usr/lib/i18n"
> #endif
> -#define _PATH_IFCONFIG "/sbin/ifconfig"
> +#define _PATH_IFCONFIG "/bin/ifconfig"
> #define _PATH_KMEM "/dev/kmem"
> #define _PATH_LIBMAP_CONF "/etc/libmap.conf"
> #define _PATH_LOCALE "/usr/share/locale"
> #define _PATH_LOGIN "/usr/bin/login"
> #define _PATH_MAILDIR "/var/mail"
> #define _PATH_MAN "/usr/share/man"
> -#define _PATH_MDCONFIG "/sbin/mdconfig"
> +#define _PATH_MDCONFIG "/bin/mdconfig"
> #define _PATH_MEM "/dev/mem"
> -#define _PATH_MKSNAP_FFS "/sbin/mksnap_ffs"
> -#define _PATH_MOUNT "/sbin/mount"
> -#define _PATH_NEWFS "/sbin/newfs"
> +#define _PATH_MKSNAP_FFS "/bin/mksnap_ffs"
> +#define _PATH_MOUNT "/bin/mount"
> +#define _PATH_NEWFS "/bin/newfs"
> #define _PATH_NOLOGIN "/var/run/nologin"
> #define _PATH_RCP "/bin/rcp"
> -#define _PATH_REBOOT "/sbin/reboot"
> +#define _PATH_REBOOT "/bin/reboot"
> #define _PATH_RLOGIN "/usr/bin/rlogin"
> #define _PATH_RM "/bin/rm"
> #define _PATH_RSH "/usr/bin/rsh"
> -#define _PATH_SENDMAIL "/usr/sbin/sendmail"
> +#define _PATH_SENDMAIL "/usr/bin/sendmail"
> #define _PATH_SHELLS "/etc/shells"
> #define _PATH_TTY "/dev/tty"
> #define _PATH_UNIX "don't use _PATH_UNIX"
> @@ -107,9 +107,9 @@
> #undef _PATH_DEFPATH
> #define _PATH_DEFPATH "/rescue:/usr/bin:/bin"
> #undef _PATH_STDPATH
> -#define _PATH_STDPATH "/rescue:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin"
> +#define _PATH_STDPATH "/rescue:/usr/bin:/bin"
> #undef _PATH_SYSPATH
> -#define _PATH_SYSPATH "/rescue:/sbin:/usr/sbin"
> +#define _PATH_SYSPATH "/rescue:/bin:/usr/bin"
> #undef _PATH_BSHELL
> #define _PATH_BSHELL "/rescue/sh"
> #undef _PATH_CP
> Index: sbin/Makefile.inc
> ===================================================================
> --- sbin/Makefile.inc (revision 227417)
> +++ sbin/Makefile.inc (working copy)
> @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
>
> .include <bsd.own.mk>
>
> -BINDIR?= /sbin
> +BINDIR?= /bin
> WARNS?= 6
>
> .if ${MK_DYNAMICROOT} == "no"
> Index: Makefile.inc1
> ===================================================================
> --- Makefile.inc1 (revision 227417)
> +++ Makefile.inc1 (working copy)
> @@ -613,6 +613,18 @@
> .endfor
>
> #
> +# /sbin is now merged into /bin. The same holds for /usr/sbin and /usr/games.
> +#
> +installcheck: installcheck_sbin_merge
> +installcheck_sbin_merge:
> +.for dir in ${DESTDIR}/sbin ${DESTDIR}/usr/sbin ${DESTDIR}/usr/games
> + @if test -d ${dir} -a ! -L ${dir}; then \
> + echo "ERROR: Directory ${dir} is still present, see /usr/src/UPDATING entry 20111110."; \
> + false; \
> + fi
> +.endfor
> +
> +#
> # Required install tools to be saved in a scratch dir for safety.
> #
> .if ${MK_INFO} != "no"
> Index: cddl/sbin/Makefile.inc
> ===================================================================
> --- cddl/sbin/Makefile.inc (revision 227417)
> +++ cddl/sbin/Makefile.inc (working copy)
> @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
> # $FreeBSD$
>
> -BINDIR?= /sbin
> +BINDIR?= /bin
>
> .include "../Makefile.inc"
> Index: cddl/usr.sbin/dtrace/Makefile
> ===================================================================
> --- cddl/usr.sbin/dtrace/Makefile (revision 227417)
> +++ cddl/usr.sbin/dtrace/Makefile (working copy)
> @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
>
> PROG= dtrace
> SRCS= dtrace.c
> -BINDIR?= /usr/sbin
> +BINDIR?= /usr/bin
>
> WARNS?= 1
>
> Index: cddl/usr.sbin/plockstat/Makefile
> ===================================================================
> --- cddl/usr.sbin/plockstat/Makefile (revision 227417)
> +++ cddl/usr.sbin/plockstat/Makefile (working copy)
> @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
>
> PROG= plockstat
> SRCS= plockstat.c
> -BINDIR?= /usr/sbin
> +BINDIR?= /usr/bin
>
> WARNS?= 1
>
> Index: cddl/usr.sbin/lockstat/Makefile
> ===================================================================
> --- cddl/usr.sbin/lockstat/Makefile (revision 227417)
> +++ cddl/usr.sbin/lockstat/Makefile (working copy)
> @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
> PROG= lockstat
> NO_MAN=
> SRCS= lockstat.c sym.c
> -BINDIR?= /usr/sbin
> +BINDIR?= /usr/bin
>
> WARNS?= 1
>
> Index: cddl/usr.sbin/Makefile.inc
> ===================================================================
> --- cddl/usr.sbin/Makefile.inc (revision 227417)
> +++ cddl/usr.sbin/Makefile.inc (working copy)
> @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
> # $FreeBSD$
>
> -BINDIR?= /usr/sbin
> +BINDIR?= /usr/bin
>
> .include "../Makefile.inc"
> Index: ObsoleteFiles.inc
> ===================================================================
> --- ObsoleteFiles.inc (revision 227417)
> +++ ObsoleteFiles.inc (working copy)
> @@ -2164,8 +2164,6 @@
> OLD_FILES+=usr/libexec/named-xfer
> OLD_FILES+=usr/sbin/named.restart
> OLD_FILES+=usr/sbin/ndc
> -OLD_FILES+=usr/sbin/nslookup
> -OLD_FILES+=usr/sbin/nsupdate
> OLD_FILES+=usr/share/doc/bind/html/acl.html
> OLD_FILES+=usr/share/doc/bind/html/address_list.html
> OLD_FILES+=usr/share/doc/bind/html/comments.html
> @@ -2528,7 +2526,6 @@
> # 200212XX
> OLD_FILES+=usr/sbin/kenv
> OLD_FILES+=usr/bin/kenv
> -OLD_FILES+=usr/sbin/elf2aout
> # 200210XX
> OLD_FILES+=usr/include/libusbhid.h
> OLD_FILES+=usr/share/man/man3/All_FreeBSD.3.gz
> Index: UPDATING
> ===================================================================
> --- UPDATING (revision 227417)
> +++ UPDATING (working copy)
> @@ -22,6 +22,24 @@
> machines to maximize performance. (To disable malloc debugging, run
> ln -s aj /etc/malloc.conf.)
>
> +20111110:
> + The /sbin, /usr/sbin and /usr/games directories have been merged
> + into /bin and /usr/bin. For compatibility, the old directories
> + have been replaced by symbolic links pointing to `bin'. To
> + prevent people from possibly breaking their system
> + automatically, you must perform the merge manually before
> + `make installworld'. This can be done as follows:
> +
> + chflags noschg /sbin/* /usr/sbin/* /usr/games/*
> + mv /sbin/* /bin
> + mv /usr/sbin/* /usr/games/* /usr/bin
> + rmdir /sbin /usr/sbin /usr/games
> +
> + After running these commands, you can safely run `make
> + installworld' to continue your upgrade. Do not reboot your
> + system in the mean time, as FreeBSD's boot procedure depends on
> + the existence of /sbin and /usr/sbin.
> +
> 20111108:
> The option VFS_ALLOW_NONMPSAFE option has been added in order to
> explicitely support non-MPSAFE filesystems.
> Index: libexec/bootpd/tools/Makefile.inc
> ===================================================================
> --- libexec/bootpd/tools/Makefile.inc (revision 227417)
> +++ libexec/bootpd/tools/Makefile.inc (working copy)
> @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
> # Makefile.inc
> # $FreeBSD$
>
> -BINDIR= /usr/sbin
> +BINDIR= /usr/bin
>
> WARNS?= 1
> Index: etc/mtree/BSD.usr.dist
> ===================================================================
> --- etc/mtree/BSD.usr.dist (revision 227417)
> +++ etc/mtree/BSD.usr.dist (working copy)
> @@ -7,8 +7,7 @@
> .
> bin
> ..
> - games
> - ..
> + games type=link link=bin
> include
> ..
> lib
> @@ -55,8 +54,7 @@
> ..
> obj nochange
> ..
> - sbin
> - ..
> + sbin type=link link=bin
> share
> calendar
> de_DE.ISO8859-1
> Index: etc/mtree/BSD.root.dist
> ===================================================================
> --- etc/mtree/BSD.root.dist (revision 227417)
> +++ etc/mtree/BSD.root.dist (working copy)
> @@ -85,8 +85,7 @@
> ..
> root
> ..
> - sbin
> - ..
> + sbin type=link link=bin
> tmp mode=01777
> ..
> usr
> Index: etc/login.conf
> ===================================================================
> --- etc/login.conf (revision 227417)
> +++ etc/login.conf (working copy)
> @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
> :copyright=/etc/COPYRIGHT:\
> :welcome=/etc/motd:\
> :setenv=MAIL=/var/mail/$,BLOCKSIZE=K,FTP_PASSIVE_MODE=YES:\
> - :path=/sbin /bin /usr/sbin /usr/bin /usr/games /usr/local/sbin /usr/local/bin ~/bin:\
> + :path=/bin /usr/bin /usr/local/sbin /usr/local/bin ~/bin:\
> :nologin=/var/run/nologin:\
> :cputime=unlimited:\
> :datasize=unlimited:\
> @@ -163,7 +163,7 @@
> # :ignoretime:\
> # :requirehome@:\
> # :accounted@:\
> -# :path=~/bin /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin /usr/local/bin /usr/local/sbin:\
> +# :path=~/bin /bin /usr/bin /usr/local/bin /usr/local/sbin:\
> # :umask=022:\
> # :tc=standard:
> #
> @@ -172,7 +172,7 @@
> ## root - fallback for root logins
> ##
> #root:\
> -# :path=~/bin /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin /usr/local/bin /usr/local/sbin:\
> +# :path=~/bin /bin /usr/bin /usr/local/bin /usr/local/sbin:\
> # :cputime=infinity:\
> # :datasize=infinity:\
> # :stacksize=infinity:\
> @@ -214,7 +214,7 @@
> ## Settings used by news subsystem
> ##
> #news:\
> -# :path=/usr/local/news/bin /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin /usr/local/bin /usr/local/sbin:\
> +# :path=/usr/local/news/bin /bin /usr/bin /usr/local/bin /usr/local/sbin:\
> # :cputime=infinity:\
> # :filesize=128M:\
> # :datasize-cur=64M:\
> /sbin, /usr/sbin and /usr/games separate:
> PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/home/ed/bin
> => /sbin
> 263.38 real 80.16 user 185.91 sys
> => /bin
> 263.73 real 79.81 user 186.33 sys
> => /usr/sbin
> 264.08 real 76.82 user 189.69 sys
> => /usr/bin
> 264.44 real 78.04 user 188.80 sys
> => /usr/games
> 265.21 real 78.92 user 188.72 sys
> => /usr/local/sbin
> 266.19 real 78.54 user 190.04 sys
> => /usr/local/bin
> 266.58 real 78.53 user 190.31 sys
> => /home/ed/bin
> 267.84 real 78.21 user 191.91 sys
> PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/home/ed/bin
> => /bin
> 262.75 real 79.18 user 185.91 sys
> => /usr/bin
> 263.49 real 76.18 user 189.86 sys
> => /usr/local/sbin
> 264.51 real 77.81 user 189.07 sys
> => /usr/local/bin
> 265.14 real 77.97 user 189.53 sys
> => /home/ed/bin
> 266.14 real 76.18 user 192.33 sys
> /sbin, /usr/sbin and /usr/games merged:
> PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/home/ed/bin
> => /sbin
> 264.12 real 78.53 user 188.00 sys
> => /bin
> 263.96 real 78.46 user 187.92 sys
> => /usr/sbin
> 265.21 real 77.12 user 190.47 sys
> => /usr/bin
> 265.44 real 77.59 user 190.21 sys
> => /usr/games
> 265.55 real 78.52 user 189.42 sys
> => /usr/local/sbin
> 267.28 real 78.21 user 191.37 sys
> => /usr/local/bin
> 267.48 real 77.20 user 192.66 sys
> => /home/ed/bin
> 268.73 real 77.79 user 193.30 sys
> PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/home/ed/bin
> => /bin
> 263.59 real 76.95 user 189.03 sys
> => /usr/bin
> 264.37 real 76.95 user 189.84 sys
> => /usr/local/sbin
> 265.15 real 78.53 user 189.03 sys
> => /usr/local/bin
> 265.75 real 77.10 user 190.98 sys
> => /home/ed/bin
> 266.89 real 77.06 user 192.13 sys
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